ISBN 978-625-6281-15-8 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY © 2024 PUBLICATIONS BY PRESIDENCY’S DIRECTORATE OF COMMUNICATIONS Publication Certificate No: 45482 1st Edition, İstanbul 2024 Contact Kızılırmak Mahallesi, Mevlana Bulvarı, No: 144 06520 Çankaya, Ankara, Türkiye T +90 312 590 20 00 | webinfo@iletisim.gov.tr Print İmak Ofset Printing and Publishing 34522 Esenyurt, İstanbul, Türkiye Certificate No: 71320 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY 5  FOREWORD........................................................................................................................................................................................9 President Recep Tayyi ̇p Erdoğan INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................11 GLOBAL SUPPORT FOR TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION..........................................................................13 CHAPTER I INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT 21 CHAPTER II TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT 47 CHAPTER III STRATEGY DOCUMENTS AND ACTION PLANS 75 CHAPTER IV INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS 89 CHAPTER V ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY 115 Contents  CHAPTER VI ZERO WASTE MOVEMENT 131 . CHAPTER VII GREEN DEAL ACTION PLAN 165 CHAPTER VIII SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE 177 CHAPTER IX GREEN DEVELOPMENT 259 Green Economy ..........................................................................................................................................................................................261 Green Energy...................................................................................................................................................................................281 Green Business and Employment.................................................................................................................................291 Green Industry .............................................................................................................................................................................299 Green Technology.......................................................................................................................................................................317 Green Production .......................................................................................................................................................................325 Green Water and Waste Management ......................................................................................................................333 Green Agriculture and Livestock .................................................................................................................................363 Green Transportation.............................................................................................................................................................379 Green Healthcare Services ................................................................................................................................................403 Green Tourism ..............................................................................................................................................................................415 9  9 FOREWORD FOREWORD Nature is one of the greatest blessings Allah has bestowed on humanity. It is our life source, shelter, common heritage, and future. Nature, a reflection of the Almighty’s art, is sacred and “entrusted” to humankind; it can neither be destructed nor used in a way that compromises others’ right to life. Emphasising that Allah has created everything according to an order and with due balance and that people should not upset this balance, the Qu’ran reads, “As for the sky, Allah raised it high and set the balance of justice so that you do not defraud the scales” (Surah Ar-Rahman 55/7-8). All religious faiths advocate for the preservation of the ecological balance in nature. Nevertheless, with the Industrial Revolution, the human being, who was first physically separated from nature to labour in factories, was as well drawn into a spiritual upheaval. The once harmonious relationship between humanity and nature has been disrupted and transformed into one of “dominance,” and driven by the profit motive of capitalism, humans have nearly begun to “colonise” nature. Owing to this paradigm shift, our planet is currently experiencing severe destruction, from industrialisation to excessive consumption habits and the damage caused by technological advancements. Environmental problems cannot be handled in isolation from social and international issues. Today’s global environmental crisis, with its painful consequences, mirrors the injustices and distortions in politics, economics, and human rights that modern individualism and egocentrism have brought into our world. We believe that a fairer and more equitable system is the only way to solve the environmental problem, along with all the other social, economic, and political crises confronting our world, in keeping with the motto “A fairer world is possible.” Leaving a habitable environment for the future is, above all, a humanitarian and moral responsibility in a world where, on the one hand, the desire for unlimited consumption leads to an endless waste problem, and on the other hand, thousands of children die every year because they cannot even access clean water, the most basic right to life. A more habitable and green world, which is the desire and shared concern of all humanity, can only be feasible if concrete, solution-focused policies are devised to address global environmental problems, and every nation takes responsibility and decisively implements these policies. All nations and all of humanity share a 10 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Ş RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE collective responsibility and concern for protecting nature. International cooperation and solidarity are essential to ensure that future generations inherit an environment that is greener, more appealing, and more habitable and to fulfil the world’s collective responsibility. In light of this understanding, Türkiye has been actively promoting a more habitable world since 2002 and has taken the lead in numerous projects and initiatives that preserve the environment, prevent environmental pollution, and address the pressing problems of climate change and environmental pollution. We have put numerous regulations and practices into effect for the past 22 years. Even though we have historically contributed less than 1% of greenhouse gas emissions, we have taken and continue to take significant initiatives to address this issue using our own resources. By increasing the share of renewable energy in overall energy generation, we ranked among Europe’s leading countries in terms of installed capacity. While combating desertification and erosion, we have also undertaken the largest afforestation projects in our Republic’s history, advancing our path towards green development. Launched in 2017 as a crucial step in addressing the climate crisis, the Zero Waste Movement, which has now become a global brand, has evolved into an environmental mobilization worldwide. Under the auspices of First Lady Emine Erdoğan, the Zero Waste Movement has marked a significant advancement in waste management, establishing us as a model country in promoting environmental awareness and setting an example. We have unwaveringly demonstrated our commitment to a cleaner, greener, and more habitable world by taking the lead as the first country to sign the Global Commitment to Zero Waste in 2022. In the future, we will continue to take initiatives for a greener and cleaner Türkiye by addressing climate change and environmental pollution through multifaceted approaches. We will continue our struggle against global discrepancies, saying that “A Fairer World is Possible”, and persist in our efforts to address the inequities brought by the climate crisis. The book Türkiye’s Environmental Mobilization in the 21st Century, compiled by the Presidency’s Directorate of Communications, is a significant publication that highlights our steps, efforts, and exemplary projects towards creating a more habitable world. I offer my congratulations to everyone who has contributed to this book, which I am confident will effectively communicate our environmental policy to a global audience. I would like to reiterate that it is essential for all of humanity to act collectively and immediately to create a more habitable world. I would like to express my gratitude to every country, society, and international organisation that has taken responsibility on this path on behalf of humanity and our future. 11  INTRODUCTION Our world, which we strive to leave to future generations as a more habitable heritage, is currently confronted with a number of challenges, including global warming, climate crises, desertification, air, water, and soil pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste management problems. While all of these problems, in conjunction with industrialisation, changes in consumption habits, and population growth, result in destruction and damage that have enduring effects on our planet, the problems associated with resource scarcity are also increasing. Furthermore, the injustice and inequality experienced in every field in the world are also present in climate change and the environment. In certain regions of the world, people lack access to even the most basic resources, whereas in other regions, resources are consumed excessively and rapidly, and nature is ruthlessly destroyed. The countries contributing the least to global warming are the most affected by the extreme heat, floods, storms, and devastation caused by climate change. As Türkiye, which always stands on the side of the oppressed and the victims against injustice and inequality, our stance on climate change and the damages it causes is clear. As we are the voice of the oppressed against discrimination, colonialism, oppression, and injustice, we also declare in the face of the climate crisis and its consequences that a more habitable world is a common concern of all humanity and that everyone should take responsibility for sustainable development and the construction of a bright future. In line with the objective of a greener and cleaner Türkiye under the leadership of our President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, we are resolutely striving and developing projects to overcome the environmental pollution and climate crisis all over the world. Through our afforestation efforts, which we have undertaken in accordance with our vision of the Green Development Initiative, we have reached the most extensive forest presence in the Republic’s history. The Zero Waste Movement, launched in 2017 in Türkiye under the auspices of First Lady Emine Erdoğan, has now become a global brand that serves as an example to the entire world. The Zero Waste Project, one of the most important environmental projects Türkiye has introduced to the world, pioneers the whole world in reducing waste, using resources efficiently, and preventing wastage. Our leading environmental projects and the Green Development Initiative, which we have implemented with a human-centred development vision, provide a road map for a sustainable environment and concretely reveal the steps that can be taken in this regard. 12 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY The book Türkiye’s Environmental Mobilization in the 21st Century prepared by the Presidency’s Directorate of Communications, demonstrates Türkiye’s environmental awareness and determination to tackle the climate crisis in all its aspects. The book, which concretely indicates that the Republic of Türkiye’s environmental policies are one of the most central elements of public administration, details the environmental legislation, action plans, international agreements, and conventions that have been implemented since 2002. In the book, which also discusses Türkiye’s environmental institutional structure, the duties and responsibilities of the institutions and organisations that carry out environmental activities are covered in detail. The book presents the international public with examples of environmental diplomacy activities carried out by Türkiye, which considers the climate crisis and environmental problems to be global issues and seeks to assume a leadership role in the global arena with its solution proposals and cooperation models. The book, which was compiled by the Directorate of Communications following a thorough investigation, comprises nine chapters and encompasses research on the green economy as well as Türkiye’s policies and practices on the environment and leading environmental projects. For the book Türkiye’s Environmental Mobilization in the 21st Century prepared by our Directorate, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Achim Steiner, Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Inger Andersen, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Maimunah Mohd Sharif, Former United Nations Under-Secretary-General, Executive Director of UN-Habitat (2018-2024) and Mayor of Kuala Lumpur, and Babatunde Ahonsi, UN Resident Coordinator in Türkiye, for sharing their valuable insights on Türkiye’s international environmental cooperation and our pioneering contributions to a sustainable world, such as the Zero Waste Project. To build a more habitable world, we will continue to proclaim on all platforms that ‘The World is Bigger Than Five’ and ‘A Fairer World is Possible’, which our President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan emphasised against the injustices in the global governance system, and recount the facts in our pursuit of the truth. PRESIDENCY’S HEAD OF COMMUNICATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE PROF. FAHRETTİN ALTUN 13  GLOBAL SUPPORT FOR TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Administrator The Republic of Türkiye’s ratification of the Paris Agreement and its target to reach net- zero by the year 2053 are unambiguous statements of its intent to intensify efforts toward decisive climate action and the protection of our natural world. A standout initiative is the Zero Waste Project led by First Lady H.E. Emine Erdoğan, which helped to inspire a 2022 United Nations General Assembly resolution designating March 30 as the International Day of Zero Waste. The campaign has brought critical global attention to waste reduction and the transition to a circular economy -- profound shifts supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Türkiye and across the globe. ACHIM STEINER 14 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme As we move rapidly toward 2030, a year that marks critical deadlines for the Sustainable Development Goals and global climate targets, it is clear we are not yet on track. The triple planetary crisis of climate change, nature and biodiversity loss, and pollution and waste are accelerating, and the challenges are growing more complex with each passing day. Every country has a critical role to play as together we seek to overcome the triple planetary crisis and build the resilience of people everywhere. Türkiye’s efforts, in spearheading a zero-waste future, including the adoption of the 2022 United Nations General Assembly resolution establishing the International Day of Zero Waste, represent important progress. Türkiye’s collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has significantly contributed to promoting sustainability and addressing key environmental issues. I encourage all countries, including Türkiye, to continue to work together toward a more sustainable future. In this context, a more agile and inclusive multilateral system — one that embraces innovation and adapts quickly to emerging challenges – is vital. The multilateral system must be nimble, proactive, and interconnected, with a forward-thinking culture that is unafraid to change tack or experiment when necessary. UNEP is committed to supporting these efforts by providing scientific expertise and fostering greater collaboration across borders, in line with the vision outlined by the UN Secretary-General in our common agenda. I welcome the leadership of Türkiye in this journey towards securing a just, equitable, and sustainable future for all. The clock is ticking, but with shared purpose and strengthened multilateralism, we can build a future that stands as a beacon of hope in a divided world. INGER ANDERSEN 15  Former Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director UN-Habitat (2018-2024), Mayor of Kuala Lumpur Türkiye’s Environmental & Sustainable Urbanisation Achievements It gives me great pleasure to pen this message commemorating the achievements of the Government of Türkiye in advancing sustainable urbanisation and the environmental agenda. Since hosting the second United Nations Habitat Conference in 1996, the Government of Türkiye has set a global example of translating policy into practice, achieving positive impact on the ground. It has done so by implementing the Urban Agenda that was the declaration from Habitat II conference that year. Now, more than two decades later and 8 years into the implementation of the New Urban Agenda (Quito 2016), Türkiye is demonstrating for the world, how plan-led urbanisation leads to more equitable socio-economic progress. By ensuring the alignment between urban planning and the climate goals, it is also taking concrete steps to achieve the Paris Agreement on climate change. Between 1996 and 2024, efforts by the Government of Türkiye to narrow the housing gap is remarkable. In the past decade, the Government’s Zero Waste Policy also helped move the needle on its environmental targets. By greening urban growth, it is setting the foundations for a more sustainable future. During my tenure as Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of UN-Habitat, I have been privileged to witness first hand the good works of the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Urbanisation. I was very encouraged by the leadership demonstrated by H.E. Emine Erdogan, the First Lady of Türkiye, and patron of the Zero Waste movement in the country. I myself, as Mayor of Penang in Malaysia, had initiated similar Zero Waste policies, which I expanded world wide through my role as Executive Director of UN-Habitat. I am glad to say that with the support of H.E. Emine Erdoğan, the United Nations General Assembly endorsed 30 March each year as International Zero Waste Day. MAIMUNAH MOHD SHARIF 16 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY For those of us working at the city level, there is no doubt that solid waste man­ agement is a major challenge. By 2040 the total municipal waste generated will double from 2 billion tonnes to 4 billion tonnes. The environmental impact aris­ ing from our ‘wasteful’ practices is literally polluting the air we breathe and rob­ bing future generations of a sustainable planet. In my own experience, the opportunity cost arising from poor waste manage­ ment is enormous. In one city where I was Mayor, some 60% of the city’s reve­ nue was devoted to waste management. Through the people’s process, which is familiar to the 1,600 cities in 93 countries where UN-Habitat is active, we have been able to mobilise entire communities to reduce the production of waste. I am therefore grateful that under the patronage of H.E. Emine Erdogan, Türkiye established the Zero Waste Foundation with the aim of helping countries and cities adopt Zero Waste practices. The example set by Türkiye is particularly impressive. I was able to attend the Ministry of Environment’s commemoration of World Environment Day in July this year at Ankara where we saw the impressive targets set by the Ministry to ensure Türkiye meets its Paris Climate Goals. What Türkiye has done particu­ larly well is mobilising entire cities and communities to help the country meet these ambitious targets. In Konya, for example, we have Kaylon’s solar power plant, which is the largest in Europe. Here, Türkiye is showing the way forward when it comes to energy transition. Finally, in my capacity as Advisor to the COP29 Presidency, and as a Member of the Global Women Leaders Voices (GWLV), I would like to highlight the unique contributions by Türkiye’s Il Bank, which is dedicated to providing financing to cities and local government partners especially with regards to climate adaptation projects. This is unique in the world where a financial institution is able to channel capital investments and help build capacity to manage finances at the city level. Secondly, Türkiye is once again demonstrating that women do play a vital role when it comes to the implementation of green policies whether it is at the high­ est level as demonstrated by H.E. Emine Erdogan or at the working level as demonstrated by the many women academics, professionals and community leaders. By ensuring that more women are provided with opportunities to con­ tribute, I am confident that Türkiye will soon have more women-led cities. Thank you. 17  UN Resident Coordinator in Türkiye Türkiye’s Environment Policies After 2000 The United Nations (UN) stands at a critical juncture, tasked with fostering collective action in an era marked by fragmentation and competition. As the world navigates these challenges, the UN’s vision for a renewed multilateralism is centred on building a more inclusive, peaceful, and sustainable future, where peace is not just a goal, but a reality. The success of this vision depends on the collective commitment of Member States to move beyond competition and towards a shared future of peace, prosperity, and sustainability. In alignment with the UN’s vision, Türkiye plays a crucial role in promoting regional stability and multilateral cooperation. As a bridge between continents, Türkiye is uniquely positioned to contribute to global peace efforts by leveraging its strategic location and diplomatic influence. By actively engaging in the UN initiatives and fostering partnerships across borders, Türkiye continues to support the principles of sovereignty, non-intervention, and the peaceful resolution of disputes. The Black Sea Grain Initiative is a prime example of Türkiye’s pivotal role in multilateral diplomacy and conflict resolution. As a key mediator, Türkiye demonstrated its ability to bring conflicting parties together for a common humanitarian goal, working alongside the UN to facilitate this landmark agreement. By hosting the Joint Coordination Centre in Istanbul and ensuring the safe passage of Ukrainian grain through the Black Sea, Türkiye underscored its strategic importance and commitment to global stability. This initiative not only helped to mitigate a looming global food crisis but also highlighted Türkiye’s proactive and constructive approach to multilateralism, where diplomacy, dialogue, and cooperation are paramount. DR. BABATUNDE AHONSI 18 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY UN 2.0 represents the United Nations’ initiative to adapt and modernise in re­ sponse to the complex challenges of the 21st century, including climate change, pandemics, and social inequalities. This reform agenda focuses on enhancing the UN’s agility, effectiveness, and inclusivity by leveraging digital transforma­ tion, fostering strategic foresight, and strengthening partnerships across sectors. In the context of Türkiye, the country’s strategic location and its involvement in key international initiatives demonstrate its commitment to the principles of cooperation and sustainability that are central to UN 2.0. The damage being done to our planet is compromising our shared future, in­ vesting in multilateralism for climate action, which effects all areas of life, has become imperative. Thus, the decisions to be taken at the upcoming COP29 will determine the future of our planet and the well-being of generations to come. This conference, which is the world’s only multilateral decision-making forum on climate change serves as an opportunity to engage stakeholders from all sec­ tors of society, from academia, the private sector, the scientific community, civ­ il society, and especially young people, to change mindsets and find common ground on issues that affect us all through inclusive, networked and effective multilateralism. Hence, by working together through international agreements like the Paris Agreement, countries can pool resources, share knowledge, and co­ ordinate efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to environmen­ tal impacts. Following the ratification of the Paris Agreement, Türkiye is very much committed to contributing to global actions addressing climate change. Türkiye is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which is evident with the recent flooding, heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, landslides, and extreme windstorms that have affected the country with increasing frequency and in­ tensity. Türkiye submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC Secretariat in April 2023. The first NDC was built on the same baseline as the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Türki­ ye submitted in 2015. The 2053 net-zero target affirmed in the NDC is reiterated in the 12th National Development Plan, making it a central element of the devel­ opment policies in the coming years. Zero waste and circular economy are the key priorities of the Turkish govern­ ment. In 2017, through the leadership of the First Lady H.E. Emine Erdoğan, the Government launched Zero Waste Campaign to support the achievement of the objectives of global climate action. The Government also launched “Water Efficiency Campaign” again, led by the First Lady in January 2023, aiming to prevent water wastage in homes, workplaces and industry, establish legal infra­ structure, use modern irrigation methods in agriculture and raise public aware­ ness in Türkiye. Covering the period of 2024-2028 and in support of localising the European Green Deal, Türkiye’s first National Strategy and Action Plan for Circular Economy has also been prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Ur­ banisation and Climate Change in 2024. In support of the above-described na­ 19  tional climate ambition, and in a significant step towards enhancing sustainabil­ ity and advancing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the United Nations Country Team in Türkiye and the Zero Waste Foundation of Türkiye recently signed a Joint Declaration of Intent. These actions align with The Cli­ mate Council in 2022 as well as the draft Climate Law prepared after the Council that put utmost importance on zero waste and circular economy. In conclusion, the UN stands as the foremost multilateral platform dedicated to addressing global challenges through collective action and cooperation. Its role in fostering international dialogue, promoting peace, and advancing sustainable development is unparalleled. As a pivotal member state, Türkiye plays a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of multilateralism with its strategic position, robust diplomatic engagement, and commitment to sustainable development, to contribute significantly to the UN’s efforts to address global issues and imple­ ment necessary reforms. By leveraging its unique strengths and supporting the UN’s initiatives, Türkiye helps to drive forward a more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable international system. 20 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 21 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Chapter I INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT 23 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Institutional Framework Pertaining to the Environment The term “environmental management” has gained frequent use in recent years due to the increasing significance of both global and na­ tional environmental issues. The search for solutions to global envi­ ronmental issues, particularly climate change, biodiversity loss, and air and water pollution, has demanded increased cooperation and coordination among countries. In this setting, several nations have begun to undertake an active role in the formulation and implemen­ tation of environmental policies and programmes, incorporating en­ vironmental management into the public administration framework. Furthermore, international agreements, protocols and organisations dealing with environmental management are among the key catalysts for this process. Likewise, Türkiye has become more actively engaged in environmental protection and has made significant strides in en­ vironmental management since the 1970s. It has begun to contribute to global environmental protection efforts, particularly by attending international conferences and meetings. Türkiye has consolidated its legal and institutional frameworks in the field of environmental pro­ tection during this period, increasing environmental awareness and compliance with environmental regulations. Meanwhile, Türkiye has taken substantial steps to ensure environmental sustainability by en­ acting various laws and regulations on environmental management at the national level. 24 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY In this context, Article 56 of the Constitution of the Republic of Türki­ ye stands as the primary clause concerning the environment. It reads, “Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environ­ ment, protect environmental health and prevent environmental pol­ lution.” The fact that environmental protection is governed by the Constitution, the supreme legal text, demonstrates the relevance that the Republic of Türkiye attributes to environmental policies and their centrality to public administration. In addition to the Constitution, en­ vironmental protection is also addressed by a number of secondary statutes. All areas have been regulated through laws, decree-laws, reg­ ulations, etc., ensuring that there are no loopholes in environmental protection. A multifaceted, integrated, and functioning institutional framework has been instituted to implement relevant legislation. The institutional framework in question has been consistently updated over time to align with current circumstances by introducing new le­ gal arrangements and establishing new institutions. In the Turkish public administration system, the most comprehensive duties and responsibilities in the field of environmental protection are undertaken at the ministerial level, with the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change in charge. Furthermore, several ministries also carry out various tasks within their purview, which pertain to shared domains of environmental protection. Moreover, as a democratic state of law, it also has effective non-governmental organ­ isations in the field of environmental protection. These organisations engage in extensive collaboration with public institutions. Addition­ ally, local administrations stand as key actors in the environmental institutional framework. Ministries and Affiliated/Related Organisations Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change The Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change was established to formulate necessary legislation pertaining to settle­ ment, environment, and construction, execute urban transformation projects, inspect conducted works, ensure enhanced vocational ser­ vices, prevent environmental pollution, safeguard the environment and nature, and mitigate the effects of climate change. Throughout its history, it has operated under various names. The Ministry’s history dates back to the Tanzimat (Reorganisation) Era. The Council of Public Works (Umur-ı Nafia Meclisi) was estab­ lished in 1838, followed by the Ministry of Public Works (Nafia Neza­ 25 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT reti) in 1845, and the environment has always represented one of the central tenets of public administration. It conducted its operations under the names of the Ministry of Public Works, the Ministry of Con­ struction and Settlement, the Ministry of Environment, and the Minis­ try of Environment and Forestry during the Republican period. Following the adoption of the Paris Agreement by the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye, the institutional structure of the Ministry was con­ solidated to enhance its capacity to combat global climate change for the future of all humanity and the world. With Presidential Decree No. 85 published in the Official Gazette, dated October 29, 2021, and numbered 31643, the name of the Ministry was changed to the Ministry of Environ­ ment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change. The Ministry acts in line with the vision of a sustainable environment and cities that eternise our civil­ isation and carries out all services related to the protection of the natural environment and creation of sustainable cities and settlements, as well as planning, transformation, safe construction, real estate management, housing sector, and environment that revive the identity of cities and are based on horizontal architecture. With a focus on the Green Development Model, the Ministry aims to achieve a net zero emission target by 2053. MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT, URBANISATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE DEPUTY MINISTER DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF EUROPEAN UNION AND FOREIGN RELATIONS DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR LEGAL SERVICES DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INFRASTRUCTURE AND OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION SERVICES DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF PERSONNEL DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF VOCATIONAL SERVICES DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, PERMIT AND INSPECTION DIRECTORATE OF STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL ASSETS DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF SPATIAL PLANNING DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND PUBLICATION DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF NATIONAL REAL ESTATE DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND EROSION DIRECTORATE OF SUPPORT SERVICES DIRECTORATE OF HIGH TECHNICS BOARD DIRECTORATE OF TÜRKİYE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY DEPUTY MINISTER DEPUTY MINISTER DEPUTY MINISTER OFFICE OF PRIVATE SECRETARY TURKISH STATE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE DIRECTORATE OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION DIRECTORATE OF GUIDANCE AND INSPECTION DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF LAND REGISTRY AND CADASTRE DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF ILBANK TRADE INCORPORATION DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF TURKISH REAL ESTATE PARTICIPATION BANK TRADE INCORPORATION OFFICE OF PRESS AND PUBLIC RELATIONS DIRECTORATE OF INTERNAL AUDIT UNIT COUNSELLOR TO THE MINISTER TABLE 1: ORGANISATIONAL CHART OF THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, URBANISATION, AND CLIMATE CHANGE 26 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Under Presidential Decree No. 1, the duties and powers of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change are as follows: » Preparing zoning, environmental, building, and construction legis­ lation on settlement, environment, and construction and monitor­ ing and supervising their implementation; preparing, developing, and ensuring the implementation of the norms and standards of professional services related to the field of duty of the Ministry; and keeping the records of those concerned, » Carrying out necessary efforts aimed at protecting and improving the environment, combating desertification and erosion, and pre­ venting environmental pollution while establishing principles and policies. This includes developing standards and criteria, prepar­ ing programmes, conducting education and research, and creating projects, action plans, and pollution maps. It also involves deter­ mining and monitoring the implementation procedures and man­ aging tasks related to climate change. » Evaluating the environmental impacts of all kinds of facilities and activities that cause or are likely to cause pollution by releasing sol­ id, liquid, and gaseous wastes into receiving environments as a re­ sult of their activities; carrying out measurement and monitoring studies related to receiving environments; monitoring, permitting, inspecting the aforementioned facilities and their activities, and ensuring the control of noise, » Determining the basic principles, strategies, and standards for physical plans of all types and scales and their implementation, and ensuring their implementation; ex officio conducting and ap­ proving surveys, maps, all types and scales of landscaping, mas­ ter and implementation development plans, parcelling plans and their amendments regarding the areas authorised by the President of the Republic and public investments within the jurisdiction of the central administration; overseeing all kinds of buildings to be constructed on publicly owned lands and plots, facilities related to national security, military prohibited areas, general sheltering areas, special security zones, energy and telecommunication facil­ ities; and issuing licences and occupancy permits ex officio if no licence is granted by the competent authorities within two months from the date of application. » Preparing spatial strategy plans in cooperation with relevant insti­ tutions and organisations and supervising the compliance of local administrations’ plan decisions with these strategies, 27 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT » Preparing the needs programs for buildings and facilities owned by public institutions and organisations upon request, except for specialised works granted construction authority by laws or Presi­ dential decrees to the Ministry of National Defence’s construction, national and NATO infrastructure services, and the directorates under the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure; conducting or having conducted all types of studies, projects, and cost estimates; approving or ensuring the approval of these; carrying out, having carried out, and supervising construction, reinforcement, renova­ tion, and major repairs. » Establishing the construction inspection system and performing the duties assigned to the Ministry by Law No. 4708 on Construc­ tion Inspection, carrying out or having carried out the inspection of buildings, including those built or commissioned by public in­ stitutions and organisations, in terms of safety of life and proper­ ty and compliance with the legislation and technique, requesting and ensuring that the detected contradictions and deficiencies are eliminated, making arrangements to increase energy efficiency in buildings, managing and monitoring the activities related to this, carrying out works and procedures related to the inspection and conformity assessment of building materials, » Carrying out strategy development and programming works and procedures related to the housing sector, taking measures to en­ sure the development of building cooperatives, and performing the duties assigned to the Ministry pursuant to the Settlement Law, » Determining the procedures and principles to be followed by the administrations in the improvement, renovation and transforma­ tion implementations to be carried out in urban and rural areas and settlements, including slums, coastal areas and facilities, and areas excluded from forests and pastures due to deterioration of their quality; conducting, having conducted, approving all types and scales of surveys, maps, plans, parceling plans and building projects for special project areas determined by the Ministry such as finance and trade centres, fair and exhibition areas, entertainment centres, main entrance arrangements of the cities, which will contribute to the development of the city and increase the brand value of the cit­ ies, ensuring that expropriation, licencing and construction works are carried out, granting occupancy permits and to ensure the es­ tablishment of condominium ownership in these areas; pursuant 28 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY to the Law No. 2985 on Public Housing and the Law No. 775 on Slums, conducting, have conducted and approving surveys, maps, plans and parcelisation plans of all types and scales related to the implementations made by the Housing Development Administra­ tion, carrying out licencing works, granting occupancy permits and ensuring the establishment of condominium in these areas, » Preparing, having prepared and approving surveys, maps, envi­ ronmental layout plans of all types and scales, master and imple­ mentation zoning plans, parcelling plans and their amendments prepared or commissioned by the relevant persons for the invest­ ments to be made by the public or private sector on immovable properties owned by the state or the treasury, public institutions or organisations or real persons or private law legal entities, which are not approved by the authorised administration within three months, upon the request of the relevant persons from the gover­ norate and upon the proposal of the governorate to the Ministry; if not granted by the authorised administration within two months from the date of application, ex officio issuing the building licence and occupancy permit and the licence to open and operate a work­ place in return for a fee, » Carrying out or having carried out transformation projects and practices for structures that are vulnerable to earthquakes, as well as for buildings and areas that do not comply with zoning regula­ tions, plans, projects, and their annexes. » Carrying out and having carried out tasks and procedures related to the establishment, use, and development of the National Geograph­ ic Information System; supporting the establishment, use, and in­ tegration of urban information systems regarding the planning, mapping, infrastructure, and superstructure operations of local ad­ ministrations with the National Geographic Information System, » Working for the improvement of the administrative and techni­ cal capacity of local administrations in matters falling within the mandate of the Ministry and to provide technical support to them, » Preparing and publishing specifications, standard contracts, an­ nual market prices, unit prices, analyses, and tariffs of unit prices related to public works and settlement affairs, 29 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT » Working for the determination of plans and policies for global cli­ mate change and taking necessary measures in this regard, » Carrying out the preparations made at the national level in coop­ eration with the relevant institutions to monitor and contribute to international efforts on matters falling within the mandate of the Ministry, » Making, having made, and approving surveys, maps, plans, par­ celling plans, and building projects of all types and scales; and conducting expropriation, licencing procedures, and other related works in consultation with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism for improving, embellishing, renovating, and restoring the Atatürk Cultural Centre area, as provided in Article 3 of Law No. 2302, dated 23/9/1980, on the Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of Atatürk’s Birth and the Establishment of the Atatürk Cultural Centre. » Regulating local administrations and their relations with the cen­ tral administration, » Working to determine policies on public property; carrying out procedures regarding the acquisition, management, and disposal of immovable properties in the private ownership of the treasury and lands owned by the state; and determining the principles of registration and management regarding the immovable properties of public administrations. » Preparing, having prepared, and implementing plans and projects for combating desertification and erosion, which aim to control av­ alanches, landslides, and floods, and integrated basin reclamation plans and projects in order to protect the soil, develop natural re­ sources, and combat climate change, » Preparing national and regional planning for the development of water basins in order to combat desertification and erosion and to carry out studies to devise policies and strategies, » Undertaking/having undertaken all necessary initiatives, includ­ ing special afforestation outside of forest boundaries where neces­ sary, in coordination with institutions responsible for afforestation and forest-related tasks as part of efforts to combat desertification, erosion, and climate change; establishing or having established nurseries for the production of tree or plant species used in out­ door spaces for this purpose; and supporting real or legal persons who will invest in line with these objectives. » Performing other duties assigned by laws and Presidential decrees. 30 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Turkish State Meteorological Service In Türkiye, efforts to carry out meteorological services from a single source and in a regular manner were first addressed in 1936. Consist­ ing of 27 articles and 10 provisional articles, the Law on the Establish­ ment of the General Directorate of State Meteorological Affairs was adopted on February 10, 1937, with the number 3127. The name of the Directorate established on this date was changed to Turkish State Me­ teorological Service with Decree-Law No. 657 published in the Official Gazette No. 28103 dated November 2, 2011. The environmental duties of the Meteorological Service are as follows: » Carrying out meteorological studies regarding the environment and cooperating with relevant institutions and organisations, » Carrying out or having carried out research on environment and renewable energy, » Attending meetings on the investments subject to the Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment and issuing opinions on be­ half of the Meteorological Service regarding the reports prepared, » Attending meetings on organised industrial zone investments, is­ suing opinions on behalf of the Meteorological Service regarding the reports prepared, » Conducting laboratory and research studies within the scope of environmental activities, » Conducting meteorological studies for environmental activities, cooperating with relevant institutions and organisations and pre­ paring meteorological assessments for Environmental Impact As­ sessment Reports. Turkish Environmental Agency As one of the actors in the institutional structure related to the envi­ ronment in Türkiye, the Turkish Environment Agency was estab­ lished by Law No. 7261 dated 24/12/2020 to prevent environmental pollution and ensure the protection, improvement, and development of green areas. It also carries out activities for the establishment, oper­ ation, monitoring, and supervision of a deposit management system at a national scale. The activities of the agency in line with the environ­ mental strategies and policies determined by the Ministry of Environ­ ment, Urbanisation and Climate Change are as follows: 31 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT » Establishing/having established, operating/having operated the deposit management system; ensuring that the relevant parties are included in the deposit management system; determining their ob­ ligations; and receiving and returning the deposit fee, charges and guarantees determined by the Ministry, » Implementing the necessary administrative regulations and mea­ sures, including authorization and approval procedures for the establishment, implementation and monitoring of the deposit management system infrastructure for the products that are com­ pulsorily subjected to deposit application by the Ministry and car­ rying out the necessary checks, » Carrying out activities for the improvement of the environment, » d) Contributing to the establishment and implementation of a zero waste management system, » Contributing to the activities regarding the recovery of recyclable products to the national economy after their use and the manage­ ment of recyclable wastes, » Preparing and publishing visual, auditory and written content, co­ operating with the press and media outlets, carrying out activities such as campaigns, competitions and promotions in order to raise public awareness and sensitivity, » Organising training and certificate programmes, conducting scien­ tific studies, establishing documentation, research and application centres, laboratories and museums, » Cooperating, developing joint projects and carrying out activities with local authorities, national or international institutions or or­ ganisations, universities, non-governmental organisations and real or legal persons in Türkiye or abroad; to provide financial and technical support to municipalities, special provincial administra­ tions, educational institutions and other institutions and organisa­ tions if deemed appropriate, » (Annex: 10/6/2022-7410/30 article) Establishing and operating mooring and buoy systems, providing waste collection services to vessels, and ensuring the provision of these services in areas under state jurisdiction and ownership within the scope of the Coastal Law, which have been leased or granted for use by the Ministry to 32 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY the Agency, 2. (Annex: 10/6/2022-7410/30 article) If necessary, the Agency may carry out the activities listed in this article by estab­ lishing companies with private legal personality. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources is responsible for the environmentally friendly management of natural resources (miner­ als, energy resources, etc.) and carries out its environmental affairs through the Department of Energy Efficiency and Environment. This Department was established as the Main Service Unit of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources by amending Article 168 of Presi­ dential Decree No. 1 on the Organisation of the Presidency pursuant to Article 37 of Presidential Decree No. 27 on the Amendment of Certain Presidential Decrees published in the Official Gazette dated 10.01.2019 and numbered 30651. The duties of the Department of Energy and En­ vironment are as follows: » Preparing draft legislation, strategies and action plans on ener­ gy efficiency, together with regulatory impact analyses, monitor­ ing and evaluating their implementation and planning corrective measures, » Cooperating with national and international institutions and or­ ganisations, universities, private sector and non-governmental organisations to increase energy efficiency, carrying out or coordi­ nating joint projects or activities, » Engaging in activities aimed at fostering the development of ener­ gy culture and awareness of energy efficiency across society and the promotion of energy efficiency practices throughout the soci­ ety, considering potential collaborations with other institutions and organisations, monitoring and implementing policies and strategies related to energy efficiency and the environment-energy sectors, and either executing or coordinating efforts for their im­ plementation, » Implementing, coordinating and monitoring activities of the na­ tional energy efficiency action plan, » Providing training, studies and consultancy services on the ratio­ nal use of energy, offering support for laboratory use, conducting central exams for energy managers, carrying out authorization and certification studies, 33 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT » Organising international energy efficiency training programmes and providing energy efficiency services to improve international cooperation, » Determining energy-saving potentials throughout the country and on a sectoral basis, conducting or having conducted energy audits, carrying out the necessary studies, including alternative fuels, re­ gional heating and the establishment of a heat market, » Monitoring and supervising energy efficiency implementation projects and research & development projects, and processing sup­ port payments. » Monitoring and evaluating national and international actions and developments on energy efficiency, setting goals and priorities in accordance with the country’s needs and conditions, and sharing the results of these actions with the public, including their eco­ nomic analyses. » Establishing and operating a National Energy Efficiency Informa­ tion Management System with the aim of ensuring all stakeholders in the field of energy efficiency have quick access to accurate and up-to-date information, creating and keeping up-to-date national energy efficiency inventory, and and supporting the planning, pro­ jection, monitoring, and assessment. » Conducting harmonisation and impact assessments of existing and new legislation within the scope of the environment-energy relationship and managing the secretariat of the follow-up and monitoring commission for environmental legislation. » Following national and international developments and policies related to sustainability, environment and climate management, observing the impacts on energy policies, proposing activities in line with the ministry’s strategies, planning and conducting those deemed appropriate, » Assuming tasks under the working groups of the Climate Change and Air Management Coordination Board within the scope of the electricity and heat generation sector, » Contributing to the preparation of climate-related national state­ ments and reports, preparing the national greenhouse gas inven­ tory report’s chapter on the sector, participating in the meetings on 34 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY reviewing the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Con­ vention on Climate Change, » Implementing, developing and improving existing support in­ struments for energy efficiency financing; simplifying application processes; proposing new support instruments and mechanisms, including domestic and foreign financing opportunities; develop­ ing, implementing and monitoring the efficiency of those deemed appropriate, » Providing consultancy and technical support for the realisation of energy efficiency investments, including energy performance agreements, carrying out or outsourcing other related services, » Executing necessary works for measuring, monitoring and audit­ ing energy efficiency-related activities throughout the country and imposing administrative sanctions when needed, » Performing other duties assigned by the minister. Ministry of Culture and Tourism The Ministry of Culture and Tourism undertakes various activities to protect cultural assets and prevent potential adverse environmental impacts of tourism. Within the Directorate General of Investments and Enterprises of the Ministry, the Branch Office of Preventing En­ vironmental Problems collaborates with relevant public institutions and organisations, the private sector, non-governmental organisa­ tions, national and international environmental organisations, and the general public to achieve the desired economic and social benefits of tourism while improving sustainable tourism. In this context; » Blue Flag, » Pest control, » Construction ban in tourist destinations, » Works with national and international environmental organisa­ tions, » Assessment of applications submitted to the Ministry by various entities, including public institutions, municipalities, the private sector, non-governmental organisations, and citizens, regarding environmental issues in tourist destinations, are among the activities undertaken by the Ministry. 35 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT High Council for the Conservation of Cultural Property The Council, originally established in 1922 as “Asar-ı Atika ve Müzeler” (Ancient Artefacts and Museums) for the preservation of cultural as­ sets, has been reorganised through different regulations. The Council was renamed to the “Directorate General of Cultural Assets and Muse­ ums” by Law No. 4848, enacted on April 29, 2003. The High Council for the Conservation of Cultural Property also functions within the gener­ al directorate, aiming to “ ensure that the tasks related to immovable domestic cultural properties that require conservation are performed in line with scientific principles.” The duties of the High Council are as follows: » Establishing the principles to be implemented in works related to the conservation and restoration of immovable cultural and natu­ ral assets that require conservation, » Ensuring necessary coordination between regional conservation councils, » Helping the Ministry by providing opinions and assessing the general problems that arise in practice as a result of the decisions made by regional conservation councils. » Making decisions regarding the items submitted by ministries and included in the agenda for discussion at the High Council for Con­ servation. » Making decisions on issues that are submitted for discussion at the High Council of Conservation by local administrations and other public institutions and organisations through the ministries with which they are affiliated, related and associated. » Assessing and deciding on the complaints raised by public institu­ tions, organisations, and individuals regarding the decisions made by regional conservation councils. Historical caves, rock shelters, trees and tree populations with special characteristics, etc. are listed among the immovable cultural assets to be protected under the Law on the Conservation of Cultural and Nat­ ural Property. 36 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Ministry of National Education The Ministry of National Education, a key player in Türkiye’s institu­ tional structure related to the environment, is responsible for promot­ ing environmental awareness in schools in the most general sense. The goal is to provide students with a strong environmental aware­ ness through lessons and a range of activities on the environment in­ tegrated into the curriculum. In this regard; » Article 86 of the Regulation on Secondary Education Institutions, titled “Duties and Responsibilities of Teachers,” reads as follows: “Teachers take the necessary measures to ensure that students ac­ quire the habit of keeping the educational environment clean and organized in order to develop environmental awareness, life skills, and responsibilities.” » Article 52, titled “Behaviours Expected of Students” of the Minis­ try of National Education Regulation on Preschool Education and Primary Education Institutions, states that “Students are expected to protect the natural and historical beauties of the environment, works of art and contribute to their development.” » Article 90, titled “Playground” of the Ministry of National Educa­ tion Regulation on Preschool Education and Primary Education Institutions, states that educational environments should be pre­ pared to help children gain environmental awareness. Ministry of Health The Department of Environmental Health, which falls under the au­ thority of the General Directorate of Public Health, handles the Minis­ try of Health’s environmental affairs and procedures. Within this con­ text, the responsibilities of the said Department are outlined below: » Undertaking label approvals and licencing procedures of biocidal products; regulating the rules for the safe application of biocidal products for the well-being of humans and the environment; and training the practitioners or facilitating their training, » Taking part in the necessary research and development activities for the supply of sufficient and healthy drinking and potable water to residential areas and ensuring that the necessary measures are taken and organised; and training practitioners or facilitating their training, TÜRKİYE TÜRKİYE 37 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT » Undertaking works on spring, drinking, potable, natural mineral, pool, spa waters, and swimming areas; and setting the national standards, » Determining the indicators for spa waters and peloids used in spa facilities and approving natural mineral waters, » Taking or directing others to take the required measures on air pol­ lution and climate change, » Ensuring that environmental health services are provided on the ground in a timely and effective manner during natural disasters, » Identifying, monitoring, and inspecting factors that threaten envi­ ronmental health; and participating in environmental health im­ pact assessment activities, » Conducting studies at the national or international level; design­ ing programmes, plans and projects; and implementing them in cooperation with other institutions and organisations in order to improve and develop environmental health services, » Preparing training plans and materials, coordinating training ac­ tivities, and conducting legislative development works related to its field of duty to disseminate legislative practices and other devel­ opments to the personnel responsible for providing field services, » Examining, evaluating, and coordinating the opinions and re­ quests received from relevant institutions and organisations, » Conducting market surveillance and inspection activities related to the products within its field of duty, » Collecting data, evaluating incoming data, and preparing reports within the scope of its duties and responsibilities, » Organising trainings, symposiums, panels, workshops, seminars, etc. related to its fields of activity; and contributing to national and international events organised. 38 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Ministry of Industry and Technology The General Directorate of Industry, one of the main service units of the Ministry of Industry and Technology, is responsible for “following the developments in the fields of environment and climate change, as­ sisting in taking measures for the industry to protect the environment, and conducting activities for industrial enterprises to prepare and im­ plement clean production programs and projects.” Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is responsible for ensuring that agricultural and animal husbandry activities are conducted in an environmentally friendly manner. The Ministry executes its opera­ tions within this scope through the Department of Protection of Agri­ cultural Environment and Natural Resources under the General Direc­ torate of Agricultural Reform. The duties of the relevant Department are as follows: » Taking measures against all kinds of factors that degrade and pol­ lute the soil structure of agricultural lands, » Protecting soil and water resources against pollution due to agri­ cultural activities, conducting monitoring studies to identify pol­ luted areas and the results of the actions taken in these areas, » Identifying nitrate-sensitive areas and preparing agricultural ac­ tion plans in accordance with the codes of good agricultural prac­ tices; running, commissioning, implementing and executing proj­ ects to prevent pollution caused by agricultural activities, TÜRKİYE Head of Environmental Health Department Secretariat Registration and Coordination Unit Biocidal Products Unit Biocidal Products Market Surveillance and Inspection Unit Thermal Spring and Packaged Water Safety Monitoring and Evaluation Unit Drinking, Utility and Bathing Water Quality Monitoring and Evaluation Unit Climate Change and Environmental Impacts Monitoring Unit TÜRKİYE 39 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT » Supporting efforts for wastewater management in coordination with the relevant general directorates and encouraging the use of appropriate technologies to protect agricultural resources, » Working in coordination with the relevant institutions and organi­ sations on the identification and implementation of the necessary precautions to protect soil, water, plant, animal assets and similar agricultural resources and to prevent the deterioration of the eco­ logical balance in the agricultural environment, » Conducting works for the efficient utilisation of animal and ag­ ricultural residues in the field of energy using modern biomass methods, » Preparing, outsourcing, implementing, and supporting plans, pro­ grammes, and national and international projects on biodiversity, climate change, sustainable use of natural resources, environmen­ tally and climate-friendly agricultural practices in agricultural eco­ systems, » Conducting and facilitating works on agricultural drought and de­ sertification caused by global climate change, » Calculating agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas sinks and preparing the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, » Making prospective projections regarding the activities causing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and identifying the poten­ tial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions using models, » Preparing, facilitating, monitoring, and evaluating projects and in­ ternational and national programmes for combating erosion and desertification in agricultural lands, » Taking part in international efforts and negotiations regarding the issues and agreements in line with its duties and working in co­ ordination with the Directorate General for European Union and Foreign Relations, » Performing similar duties assigned by the Director General. General Directorate of Forestry The General Directorate of Forestry is a public agency that operates under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. It is a legal entity with a special budget and is responsible for: REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 40 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY » Managing forest resources as part of the ecosystem with consid­ eration to its ecological, economic, and socio-cultural benefits, in­ cluding the existing flora and fauna; planning forest resources in a participatory and multi-purpose manner; protecting them against undue interventions, natural disasters, and fires; removing and outsourcing the removal of various pests; pursuing and improving forestry quarantine services; expanding forested areas and services related to forests; and zoning and reclaiming of the forests; provid­ ing silvicultural maintenance and revitalisation services for forests, » Engaging in processes and procedures related to the ownership of forests, cadastres, permissions, and easements, » Operating forests with regard to technical, socio-cultural, ecologi­ cal, and economic considerations by ensuring the sustainability of forest products and services; pursuing or outsourcing the process­ es regarding the production, logistics, and storage of forest prod­ ucts; and marketing these products domestically and abroad, » Ensuring the allocation, protection, operation, and management of recreational areas, urban forests, research forests, arboretum ar­ eas, forest biodiversity conservatories, model forests, and conser­ vation forests, » Pursuing afforestation, erosion control, forest-related pasture im­ provement, desertification prevention, flood and avalanche con­ trol activities on all kinds of lands within or outside forest bound­ aries; and designing and implementing integrated basin projects, » Producing, outsourcing the production seeds and saplings of trees, shrubs, and other plants in the forest ecosystem; grafting these plants; and establishing, operating, and, when necessary, termi­ nating permanent or temporary plant nurseries, » Supporting real and legal persons to establish, operate and mar­ ket private afforestation, amelioration, erosion control efforts and plant nurseries, » Establishing, operating, and, when necessary, terminating float­ ing capital enterprises and other necessary units in order to en­ sure maximum utilisation of the products and services provided by forest ecosystems; purchasing or leasing, or, when necessary, exchanging all kinds of materials, plots, lands, buildings, facilities, installations; maintaining or outsourcing the maintenance and repair of them; providing the machines and service vehicles re­ 41 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT quired for the services; performing the maintenance and revisions of these machines and vehicles; performing all kinds of infrastruc­ ture works in forests; conducting surveys for the roads required for forestry activities; and performing or outsourcing maintenance and repair, » Conducting and outsourcing all kinds of pre-service and in-service training; and establishing and operating institutes, directorates, research units, education centres, and social facilities that operate at a local or global level regarding the services that fall under the responsibility of the General Directorate, » Conducting or outsourcing all kinds of research and development, inventory, printing, publishing, and promotion works and projects regarding these; and marketing the outcomes of these in Türkiye and abroad, » Conducting activities to expand the use of forest products and ser­ vices; collaborating with private sector actors, non-governmental organisations, and universities that produce, process, market, im­ port, and export all kinds of forest products; providing consulta­ tion services and implementing projects in Türkiye and abroad; performing all kinds activities to raise public awareness about for­ ests and forestry, » Expropriating immovable properties owned by real or legal per­ sons to be incorporated into forestry zones to ensure the integrity of the forests; pursuing the transfer and, when necessary, the ex­ change processes of immoveable properties owned by public in­ stitutions and organisations; supporting villagers residing within and adjacent to the state-owned forests with in-kind and in-cash aid; and improving forest-public relations and taking all kinds of measures in this regard, » Determining the technical and administrative principles on the subjects within its field of duty, establishing and having estab­ lished laboratories related to its fields of activity, preparing job tar­ iffs and conducting unit time analyses, and setting unit prices, » Setting the principles to be adhered to by other public institutions and organisations in relation to the duties, services, and activities of the General Directorate and ensuring coordination, » Undertaking other duties and services assigned by the legislation. 42 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works is an investment institution with a special budget that falls under the central govern­ ment’s budget and is responsible for the planning, management, de­ velopment, and operation of all water resources in Türkiye. In accordance with the Presidential Decree on the Organisation of Institutions and Organisations Affiliated, Related, Associated Insti­ tutions and Organisations, and Other Institutions and Organisations Affiliated to Ministries (Decree Number: 4) published in the Official Gazette dated July 15, 2018, numbered 30479, the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works was established under the Ministry of Agri­ culture and Forestry, with a public legal entity and a special budget, headquartered in Ankara. The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works operates in compliance with Laws No. 6200, 167, and 1053. Below is a summary of these laws: Law No. 6200, dated 28/02/1954, on the Organisation and Duties, pro­ vides provisions for » Drilling or commissioning the drilling of wells for groundwater ex­ ploration and research, » Allocating groundwater, » Protecting and registering groundwater, » Granting certificates of exploration, use, and reclamation-modifi­ cation. Law No. 1053, dated July 3, 1968, on the Supply of Drinking Water to Ankara, Istanbul, and Cities with a Population Larger than 100,000, specifies that the State Hydraulic Works is responsible for the con­ struction of » Dams and transmission lines, » Water purification facilities, and » Water reservoirs. Due to the amendment to Article 10 of Law No. 1053 by Law No. 5625, dated April 18, 2007, the population criterion has been removed. State Hydraulic Works now has the authority to build water facilities for all 43 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT residential areas under municipal organisations, including drinking, domestic, industrial, and wastewater facilities, if needed. As a result, the title of Law No. 1053 has been changed to ‘Law on the Supply of Drinking, Domestic, and Industrial Water to Residential Areas under Municipal Organisation’. Turkish Water Institute (SUEN) The Turkish Water Institute (SUEN) is a think tank that develops na­ tional policies as well as short and long-term strategies for improved water governance. SUEN is a national think tank that contributes to the development of national and international water policies, provides consultancy to de­ cision-makers, conducts scientific research, builds capacity, and devel­ ops strategic ideas. SUEN works closely with national and international organisations on issues such as sustainable water management, water policy develop­ ment, and capacity building to solve local and global water problems. SUEN’s functions in Türkiye’s water management are as follows: » Conducting and supporting scientific research in order to develop national and international water policies; » Following the works, information generation and statistical activ­ ities of national and international organisations related to water and following other international developments; » Organising training programmes at national and international level; » Contributing to national and international forums, conferences, meetings, seminars, symposiums, and similar activities. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure The Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, which regulates the sectors related to environmental protection in its field of duty, works with a perspective that puts environmental awareness at the centre of its work and operations. In this context, among the Ministry’s duties is the provision that stipulates, “To ensure that transport, maritime, communication, and postal works and services are provided in a free, fair, and sustainable competitive environment in an economical, fast, convenient, safe, high-quality manner with the least adverse impact on the environment and in a manner to protect the public interest.” In TÜRKİYE 44 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY the same vein, the Ministry’s respective service units have been tasked with the elimination of adverse environmental impacts. Local Governments Municipalities are one of the key players in Türkiye’s institutional sys­ tem regarding the environment. Municipalities are assigned signifi­ cant environmental responsibilities and obligations by the laws that govern their duties and responsibilities. In this context, metropolitan municipalities perform the following functions in the field of environment: » Constructing, commissioning, maintaining, and repairing the roads, squares, boulevards, avenues, and main roads connecting the neighbourhoods within the jurisdiction of the metropolitan municipality to the district centre; undertaking the cleaning and snow control works of these roads; setting obligations regarding the buildings fronting these places in accordance with the urban design projects; determining the places to display announcements and advertisements and their shape and size; naming and num­ bering squares, boulevards, avenues, roads, and streets and num­ bering the buildings on them. » Ensuring the protection of the environment, agricultural land, and water basins in line with the principles of sustainable development; carrying out afforestation projects; consolidating unsanitary work­ places, entertainment venues, and other businesses affecting pub­ lic health and the environment into designated areas within the city; identifying locations for construction materials, scrap storage, and sales areas; designating sites for the storage of excavation soil, debris, sand, and gravel, as well as for the sale and storage of wood and coal, and taking measures to prevent environmental pollution during their transportation; drafting and implementing a metro­ politan solid waste management plan; aside from collecting solid waste at the source and transporting it to transfer stations; over­ seeing services related to the recycling, storage, and disposal of sol­ id waste and excavation debris; and establishing, commissioning, and operating or having others operate facilities for this purpose; managing services related to industrial and medical waste, and es­ tablishing, commissioning, and operating or having others operate the necessary facilities for this purpose; collecting, processing, and regulating the waste from marine vessels. 45 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT » Ensuring the preservation of cultural and natural assets, as well as the historical character and functions of spaces that are signif­ icant for urban history; conducting maintenance and repairs for this purpose; and reconstructing those that cannot be preserved in their original form. » Managing water and sewage services; establishing and operating the necessary dams and other facilities; rehabilitating streams; and marketing spring water or water produced from treatment processes. » District municipalities in cities with metropolitan status fulfil the following duties: » Collecting solid wastes and transporting them to the transfer sta­ tion in accordance with the metropolitan solid waste management plan, » Licensing and inspecting sanitary workplaces, 2nd and 3rd class unsanitary establishments, and public venues like recreation areas and entertainment spots. » Municipalities without metropolitan status are responsible for: » Urban infrastructure services, such as zoning, water and sewage, transportation, geographical and urban information systems, envi­ ronment and environmental health, sanitation and solid waste, ur­ ban traffic, afforestation, parks and green spaces, housing, and cul­ ture and arts services, either directly or through contracted parties. » Ensuring the preservation of cultural and natural assets, as well as the historical character and functions of spaces that are signif­ icant for urban history; conducting maintenance and repairs for this purpose; and reconstructing those that cannot be preserved in their original form. » Managing all services related to the collection, transportation, sorting, recycling, disposal, and storage of solid waste. » Setting standards for advertising billboards and promotional signs. » Consolidating unsanitary workplaces, entertainment venues, and other businesses affecting public health and the environment into designated areas within the city; identifying dumping sites for ex­ 46 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY cavation soil and debris; designating storage areas for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); identifying storage and sales areas for con­ struction materials, wood, coal, and scrap; and taking the neces­ sary precautions to prevent environmental pollution in these areas and during transportation. Universities Within the institutional framework, universities play an essential role in addressing environmental issues. Primarily, their role in training professionals (such as environmental engineers) who will work in environmental fields underscores the significance of their position within the system. In addition, universities play a leading role in en­ vironmental initiatives through their field research, academic studies, symposiums, panels, and other meetings. Non-Governmental Organisations In Türkiye, civil society organisations actively participate in deci­ sion-making processes related to environmental issues, as in many other areas. Numerous civil society organisations dedicated to envi­ ronmental issues are active, especially in environmental protection. 47 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Chapter II TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT 49 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Legislative Arrangements Pertaining to Environment Climate change, ozone depletion, pollution, and biodiversity loss all pose threats to sustainable development, jeopardising human health, food security, and wildlife populations. Since the 1960s, societies have become more aware of the gravity of environmental issues and have launched a variety of measures to address them. Environmental policies seek to leave a livable world for future genera­ tions by limiting the negative effects of human activity on the environ­ ment and guaranteeing the sustainable use of natural resources. How­ ever, the complexity of environmental issues such as global warming, habitat loss, and pollution complicates the implementation of envi­ ronmental policies. As a result, international cooperation, scientific research, and public awareness campaigns are critical for formulating and implementing effective environmental policy. Considering all of these factors, Türkiye, which is one of the countries with the highest exposure to climate change due to its geographical lo­ cation and natural resources, has continued to make the necessary legis­ lative arrangements over the years by being sensitive to environmental problems, and has begun an environmental mobilization by increasing the importance it attaches to this field in the twenty-first century. The legal arrangements for the environment in Türkiye began with Municipal Law No. 1580 and Public Hygiene Law No. 1593, which went 50 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY into effect in 1930, and the first regulations on environmental and hu­ man health protection, as well as waste collection and storage, were enacted under these laws. Article 56 of the 1982 Constitution, which serves as the foundation for Turkish environmental rules, stipulates that “Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced envi­ ronment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natu­ ral environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution.” Based on this article, Environment Law No. 2872 was released in 1983, and it established the principles and rules, as well as the authorised and responsible agencies and entities involved in environmental protection. Legislative provisions for environmental mobilization have continued to grow, and laws in this field have increased and accelerated, partic­ ularly after Türkiye became a signatory to international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. In this frame­ work, the desire to transition to a low-carbon economy was articulat­ ed through the “2053 net zero emission” aim, and a Green Deal Action Plan was created in compliance with European Union criteria. Since then, the government’s development plans and strategy documents have incorporated concepts such as Sustainable/Green Finance, Green Transformation, and Zero Waste. As a result of the state’s environmen­ tal mobilization, legislative arrangements were made in a variety of domains, including education, health, the economy, and finance, in order to implement an integrated policy by the state. Legislative works on environmental issues in Türkiye are listed by date of regulation. Municipal Law No. 1580 / Public Hygiene Law No. 1593 (1930) The first regulations on environmental and human health protection, as well as waste collection and storage, were enacted under these laws. The Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye, Article 56 (1982) “Article 56: Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced en­ vironment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the nat­ ural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution.” The Article is significant because it asserts that the right to life can only be achieved in a healthy and balanced environment, imposes a duty of protection in this regard, and incorpo­ rates the subject of a clean environment into constitutional guarantees. 51 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Environment Law No. 2872 (1983) It established the principles and rules, as well as the authorised and re­ sponsible agencies and entities involved in environmental protection. “Article 3/a; Everyone, particularly the administration, professional chambers, unions, and non-governmental organisations, is respon­ sible for environmental protection and pollution prevention, and is required to follow the measures to be taken and the principles estab­ lished in this regard.” “Article 3/h. In order to protect the environment, prevent and elimi­ nate environmental pollution, promote zero waste, implement circular economy principles and combat climate change; compulsory standards and market-based mechanisms and economic instruments and incen­ tives such as taxes, fees, contribution shares, promotion of renewable energy sources and clean technologies, promotion of non-motorised or electric vehicles, promotion of waste recovery and reuse of treated wastewater, recycling contribution share, reduction in the use of plastic bags or packaging and disposable materials, deposit application, emis­ sion fee, pollution fee and pollution prevention guarantee and carbon trading for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions are used. When a possibility for pollution exists, those involved are expected to prevent it; when pollution occurs, the polluter is obligated to take the necessary efforts to stop, eliminate, or minimise its consequences.” Regulation on Solid Waste Control (1991) The purpose of the Regulation is to prohibit the direct or indirect dis­ charge, storage, transport, removal and similar activities of all kinds of wastes and residues into the receiving environment in a way that may harm the environment; to prevent the pollutants that have a per­ manent effect in air, water and soil from disrupting animal and plant generations, natural riches and ecological balance by disciplining the management of consumer goods that may adversely affect the envi­ ronment; and to determine, implement and develop principles, poli­ cies and programmes for this aim. National Agenda 21 (1991) At the Rio Earth Summit (1992), “Sustainable Development” was ad­ opted as the common goal of all humanity in the twenty-first centu­ ry, and the UN member states adopted the Action Plan titled “Agenda 52 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 21,” which sets out the principles and areas of action for dealing with environmental and development problems and achieving the goal of sustainable development in the twenty-first century, as the Summit’s main output. Regulation on Control of Medical Wastes (1993) The purpose of this Regulation is to establish and ensure the imple­ mentation of administrative, technical, and legal principles, policies, and programmes for the separate collection, temporary storage, recov­ ery, transportation, and final disposal of medical waste from healthcare institutions without endangering public health or the environment. Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (1993) The purpose of this Regulation is to establish administrative and tech­ nical procedures and principles for the Environmental Impact Assess­ ment (EIA) process. The Regulation covers; » which types of projects will require the Environmental Impact Assessment Application File, Environmental Impact Assessment Report, and Project Introduction File, as well as the issues they will address, » administrative and technical procedures and principles to be followed in the Environmental Impact Assessment process, » monitoring, control, and inspection of projects under Environmental Impa­ ct Assessment during application, pre-construction, construction, operati­ on, and post-operation, 53 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT » training activities to ensure the effective and widespread implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment system in environmental mana­ gement, as well as the strengthening of its institutional structure. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes (1994) The Convention, which was adopted in 1989 and came into force in 1992, is designed to remove the dangers associated with the trans­ boundary movement, disposal, and recycling of hazardous and other wastes. The most important aspect of the Convention is the transport of waste from industrialised countries to developing countries. Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes (1994) The purpose of this Regulation, is to set out the legal and technical prin­ ciples for the determination of principles, policies and programmes of hazardous waste, from its generation to its final disposal for; » the prevention of its direct or indirect discharge into the receiving environment in a way that could harm human health or the envi­ ronment, » the provision of control of its production and transportation, » the prohibition of its import and the control of its export, » the provision of the necessary technical and administrative stan­ dards in its management, » the minimisation of its generation at the source, » the disposal of the waste at the closest location to the place of its generation, in cases where its generation is unavoidable, » the establishment of adequate disposal facilities and the environ­ mentally sound control of these facilities, » the provision of its environmentally friendly management. Local Agenda 21 (1997) In chapter 28 of the National Agenda 21, adopted in 1992, a global call was made to local governments in all countries around the world to initiate a participatory process and reach a consensus on Local Agen­ da 21 for their cities. 54 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY As part of Local Agenda 21 practices in Türkiye, the “Promotion and Development of Local Agenda 21s in Türkiye” project was implement­ ed with the assistance of UNDP, as per the Council of Ministers’ deci­ sion, at the end of 1997 and was completed in 2003. National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan (UÇEP) (1998) UÇEP, developed by the State Planning Organisation and the Ministry of Environment, is a comprehensive document that addresses Türki­ ye’s environmental realities, objectives, and means of implementation. The plan’s first part examines the environmental impacts of the coun­ try’s geographical, social, and economic conditions, while the second part delves deeply into environmental policies, laws, and the manage­ ment system. The third chapter discusses Türkiye’s environmental issues, including urban areas, natural resources, marine and coastal resources, cultural and natural heritage, and environmental hazards. In the final section, in light of these analyses, what needs to be done in Türkiye to achieve a sustainable environment is outlined. Metropolitan Municipalities Law No. 5216 (2004) According to Article 7 of the Law; “In accordance with the principle of sustainable development, the duties and responsibilities of metropol­ itan and district municipalities include: ensuring the protection of the environment, agricultural land and water basins; planting trees; draw­ ing up or causing to draw up the metropolitan area’s solid waste man­ agement plan; providing services concerning industrial and medical waste, establishing or causing to establish and operating or causing to operate facilities for the purpose; collecting or causing to collect waste from maritime vessels, treating such waste and making the necessary arrangements in this regard.” Regulation on Control of Waste Batteries and Accumulators (2004) The Regulation establishes the technical and legal principles that must be followed from battery and accumulator production to disposal. Ac­ cording to the Regulation, rechargeable and long-lasting batteries and accumulators are preferred, and recovery after use is critical. Produc­ ers and importers are required not to manufacture or import batteries and accumulators containing hazardous substances. 55 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Turkish Criminal Code No. 5237 (2004) Article 181 - Intentional pollution of environment » Any person who intentionally discharges waste or refuse material into the earth, water or air, contrary to the technical procedures as defined in the relevant laws and in such a way as to cause damage to the environment, shall be sentenced to a penalty of imprison­ ment for a term of six months to two years. » Any person who brings waste or refuse material into the country without permission shall be sentenced to a penalty of imprison­ ment for a term of one to three years. Article 182 - Pollution of environment by negligence Any person who discharges waste or refuse material into the earth, wa­ ter or air through his negligence, such as to cause environmental dam­ age, shall be sentenced to a penalty of a judicial fine. Where waste or re­ fuse material has the propensity to remain in the earth, water, or air, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a term of two months to one year. Any person who causes, by his negligence, the discharge of waste or refuse material which has a characteristic which may cause the alter­ ation of the natural characteristics of plants or animals, enhance or create infertility, or cause an incurable illness in humans and animals, the offender shall be sentenced to a penalty of imprisonment for a term of one to five years. Regulation on Water Pollution Control (2004) The Regulation’s purpose is to establish the legal and technical princi­ ples required to prevent water pollution in accordance with sustainable development goals, protecting the country’s ground and surface water resource potential and ensuring their optimal use. This Regulation cov­ ers principles and prohibitions regarding the protection of water quali­ ty, principles of wastewater discharge and discharge permits, principles regarding wastewater infrastructure facilities, and procedures and prin­ ciples of monitoring and inspection to prevent water pollution. Regulation on Control of Heating-Related Air Pollution (2005) The Regulation’s purpose is to reduce and control the adverse effects on air quality of pollutants discharged into the outside air in the form of soot, smoke, dust, gas, vapour, and aerosol from combustion plants 56 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY used for heating purposes in housing, collective housing, coopera­ tives, housing estates, schools, universities, hospitals, public offices, workplaces, social recreation facilities, industry, and similar places. This Regulation covers the characteristics and operating principles of combustion plants used for heating, the quality criteria of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels used in combustion plants, and the emission limits to be complied with. Misdemeanours Law No. 5236 (2005) Article 41- Pollution of the environment » Any person who disposes of household waste and residue outside the places for their collection or storage shall be imposed an ad­ ministrative fine of twenty Turkish Liras. The provisions of this paragraph shall also apply to the disposal of individual waste and residue. » In cases where the act is committed in cooking and serving places, the natural or legal person who owns the establishment shall be imposed an administrative fine ranging from five hundred Turkish Liras to five thousand Turkish Liras. » Any person who slaughters animals outside the places allocated for animal slaughter or leaves the waste of slaughtered animals on the street or other public area shall be imposed an administrative fine of fifty Turkish Liras. » The person who disposes of construction waste and residue out­ side the places for their collection or storage shall be imposed an administrative fine ranging from one hundred Turkish Liras to three thousand Turkish Liras. If the construction activity is carried out on behalf of a legal entity, the upper limit of the administrative fine to be imposed on this legal entity is five thousand Turkish Li­ ras. The cost of removing this waste and residue is also charged to the aforementioned person. » Any person who leaves unusable or surplus household goods on the street or other public place outside the day designated for their col­ lection shall be imposed an administrative fine of fifty Turkish Liras. » Any person who leaves unusable motorised land or sea transpor­ tation vehicles or their integral parts on the street or other public place shall be imposed an administrative fine of two hundred and fifty Turkish Liras. The cost of their removal is also charged to the aforementioned person. 57 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Law No. 5346 on Utilisation of Renewable Energy Resources for Electricity Generation (2005) This Law’s purpose is to expand the use of renewable energy resources for the generation of electrical energy, to bring these resources into the economy in a reliable, economical, and high-quality manner, increas­ ing source variety, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, utilising waste, protecting the environment, and developing the manufacturing sector needed to realise these objectives. The Law covers the procedures and principles regarding the protection of renewable energy resource ar­ eas, the certification of electrical energy obtained from these resourc­ es, and the use of these resources. Municipal Law No. 5393 (2005) The law specifies that municipalities are responsible for services re­ lated to the environment and environmental health, sanitation, and solid waste management. The law also defines that municipalities are responsible for taking necessary measures to prevent environmental pollution in urban planning. 58 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Hazardous Waste Control Regulation (2005) A detailed definition of hazardous waste is given in the aforemen­ tioned regulation. In this context, if the waste does not exhibit any of the characteristics such as hazardous, toxic, flammable, corrosive, or explosive, it is managed in accordance with the Solid Waste Control Regulation that was enacted in 1991. The Hazardous Waste Regulation classifies waste according to its possible sources, components, and types of components and explains disposal methods. The Regulation covers the legal and technical principles regarding the collection, on- site temporary storage, interim storage, transportation, recovery, final disposal, import, and export of hazardous waste. Regulation on the Control of End-of-Life Vehicles (2006) This Regulation’s purpose is to prevent the generation of waste from vehicles for the protection of the environment and human health, re­ duce the amount of disposed waste generated by end-of-life vehicles and their parts through the processes of reuse, recycling, and recovery, and determine the standards and obligations that economic operators and temporary storage areas will be subject to. Law Amending the Environment Law No. 5491 (2006) The basic principles of the environment law were added to this Law and our environmental law was strengthened by regulating develop­ ment goals and environmental protection goals in line with the prin­ ciple of sustainable development. Thus, it clearly defined the concept of the environment and brought together development and environ­ mental protection objectives. Concepts such as “sustainable develop­ 59 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT ment” and “sustainable environment,” “protection and improvement of the environment,” “conservation-use balance,” “biodiversity,” and “right to participation” are included. Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC on Establishing the Framework of EU Waste Legislation (2008) The Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC establishes a waste man­ agement hierarchy to reduce the negative impact of waste on the envi­ ronment and human health. According to this hierarchy, the primary focus is to prevent waste generation at its source with waste manage­ ment strategies In cases where waste generation cannot be completely prevented, waste should be reused. If it cannot be reused, it is intended to be recycled into raw materials for new products. If recycling is not an option, the waste should be recovered for other purposes, such as energy generation, and if none of these options are available, the waste should be disposed of in safe disposal facilities in the most environ­ mentally friendly manner possible. Regulation on Control of Waste Oils (2008) The purpose of the regulation is to determine the procedures and principles for ensuring the protection of the environment and human health, as well as the efficient use of natural resources, by determining technical and administrative principles regarding the temporary stor­ age, collection, transportation, refining, energy recovery and disposal of waste oils. Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management (2008) The purpose of the regulation is to determine the general principles for ensuring the management of wastes from their generation to their disposal without harming the environment or human health. Regulation on Reduction of Sulphur Rates in Certain Fuel Types (2009) The regulation’s purpose is to determine the procedures and princi­ ples for reducing sulphur dioxide emissions resulting from the com­ bustion of certain types of fuel, protecting individuals and the envi­ ronment from hazardous impacts. This regulation includes limiting the sulphur content of certain fuel types or reducing sulphur dioxide emissions, as well as inspecting, sampling, and reporting certain fuel types within the soils, maritime zones, or designated pollution control areas of the Republic of Türkiye. 60 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Law No. 5386 on the Approval of the Accession to the Kyoto Protocol for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2009) Following the adoption of the law by the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye and the Council of Ministers’ Decision No. 2009/14979 dated May 13, 2009, Türkiye became a party to the Kyoto Protocol on August 26, 2009, by submitting its instrument of accession to the United Nations. Regulation on Landfilling of Wastes (2010) The purpose of the regulation is to determine the technical and ad­ ministrative issues, along with general rules to be followed regarding; » The prevention of environmental pollution by minimising the ad­ verse effects of possible leachate and landfill gases on the soil, air, groundwater and surface waters, » The preparation of technical designs of storage bases suitable for the type of waste as well as the construction of landfill facilities, » The procedures of waste acceptance to landfills, » The operation, closure, post-closure control and maintenance pro­ cesses of landfills, » The prevention of adversities that may pose risks to the environ­ ment and human health, including the greenhouse effect during the operation, closure and post-closure maintenance processes, » The amelioration, closure and post-closure maintenance process­ es of the existing landfills; in the process of waste disposal by the landfilling method. Establishment of the Directorate General for Combating Desertification and Erosion (2011) With the aim of “determining policies and strategies relevant to soil protection, refinement of natural resources, combating desertification and erosion, avalanche, landslide and flood control activities, ensuring cooperation and coordination among relevant institutions and organ­ isations,” the Directorate General for Combating Desertification and Erosion was established as a central service unit of the Ministry of For­ estry and Water Affairs in 2011. 61 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Regulation on Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases (2011) The purpose of the regulation is to lay out the procedures and princi­ ples regarding the management of fluorinated greenhouse gases and other fluorinated substances in order to bring under control the fluori­ nated greenhouse gases that fall under the Montreal Protocol on Sub­ stances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, to which Türkiye is a party. The Regulation includes the principles regarding the labelling, data collec­ tion, leakage controls, reporting, placing on the market, import, export and usage and quota assignment of fluorinated greenhouse gases and other fluorinated substances, including those within products and equipment, along with the recovery and disposal of fluorinated green­ house gases; issues and arrangements regarding the training and doc­ umentation of natural and legal persons who interfere in equipment that contains fluorinated greenhouse gases, or the operation of which depends on the aforementioned gases. Circular on Raising Environmental Awareness (2012) The purpose of this circular is to raise awareness among schoolchil­ dren to recognise and protect the environment in which they live with its natural riches and to ensure their voluntary participation in activ­ ities in this field. Cooperation with the Environmental Organisations Solidarity Association (ÇEKUD), which carries out activities in this context, as well as supporting and giving schools the opportunity to carry out various activities related to the subject, are envisaged. Regulation on the Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (2012) The purpose of this regulation is to lay out the legal and technical principles regarding reusing, recycling, recovering methods and goals for limiting the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment with the aim of protecting the environment and human health from the production of electrical and electronic equip­ ment to their ultimate disposal, determining the practices to be ex­ empted from the aforementioned limitation, bringing under control the import of electrical and electronic equipment, reducing the gen­ eration of waste electrical and electronic equipment and reducing the amount of waste to be disposed of. 62 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Waste Collection Center Communiqué (2014) The purpose of this communiqué is to lay out the procedures and prin­ ciples regarding the waste collection centres established with a view to ensuring that recoverable wastes are collected separately at their sources without mixing with other wastes and that they are left for recovery and/or disposal. This communiqué includes the technical principles regarding the waste collection centres to which domestic wastes, along with similar commercial or institutional wastes listed in Annex-1 of this commu­ niqué, are left to ensure they are collected separately without mixing with other wastes in an attempt to ensure a sustainable waste man­ agement system. Regulation on the Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2014) The purpose of the regulation is to lay out the procedures and principles regarding the monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from various industrial activities. The regulation covers the procedures and principles regarding the monitoring, report­ ing and verification works and procedures of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the aforementioned activities, along with determining the obligations of verification organisations and enterprises. Waste Management Regulation (2015) With this regulation, the general procedures and principles are laid out regarding the following; » Ensuring the management of wastes from generation to disposal without harming the environment or human health, » Reducing waste generation, reducing the use of natural resources through reuse, recycling and recovery of waste and ensuring waste management, » The production, market surveillance and inspection of products cov­ ered by this Regulation, which have certain criteria, basic conditions and characteristics in terms of environmental and human health. Regulation on the Management of Waste Vegetable Oils (2015) According to the Regulation, after the use of vegetable-based oils in residences, public or private institutions and catering establishments, they can be collected by authorised persons or institutions and con­ 63 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT verted into biodiesel and biogas in accordance with the standards set by the Board of Energy Market Regulation after the necessary techni­ cal procedures are carried out in recovery facilities. It is prohibited for unauthorised persons to collect or discharge waste oils into sewers that cannot be used for secondary purposes in any other way, and vegetable oil producers, waste oil producers, munici­ palities and recycling facilities are jointly responsible for this process. Regulation on Mine Tailings (2015) The purpose of the regulation is to regulate the procedures and prin­ ciples regarding the management of wastes resulting from the explo­ ration, extraction, preparation/enrichment or storage of minerals in a way that does not harm the environment or human health from pro­ duction to final disposal. It covers the processes required for the management of wastes result­ ing from the exploration, extraction, preparation/enrichment or stor­ age of minerals. The Paris Agreement (2015) The Paris Climate Summit (COP 21) resulted in the Paris Agreement being adopted by 195 countries. The Agreement aims to limit the in­ crease in global temperature caused by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions to below 2 degrees Celsius in the long term compared to the pre-industrial period, and it emphasises the importance of reaching 1.5 degrees Celsius. Türkiye signed the Paris Agreement on April 22, 2016, at the High-Level Signing Ceremony in New York, together with 175 country representatives. The Paris Agreement was ratified by the Pres­ idential Decree on October 7, 2021, and the ratification within domestic law was completed. The instrument of ratification of the Agreement, together with our national declaration, was deposited with the UN Sec­ retariat on October 11, 2021. Türkiye’s net zero emission target for 2053 was announced by our President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Regulation on Renewable Energy Resource Areas (2016) The purpose of the Regulation is to ensure the effective and efficient use of renewable energy resources by creating large-scale renewable energy resource areas (YEKA) on public and treasury immovable properties and privately owned immovable properties, rapid realisa­ tion of investments by allocating these areas to investors, domestic production or domestic procurement of high-tech components used 64 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY in electric power generation facilities based on renewable energy re­ sources, and to contribute to the transfer of technology. Regulation on the Management of Medical Waste (2017) The purpose of this Regulation is to regulate the guidelines, policies and programmes and the procedures and principles regarding; » The prevention of waste’s direct or indirect discharge into the re­ ceiving environment in a way that could harm human health or the environment, » the determination and implementation of legal, administrative and technical aspects for the separate collection at source, trans­ portation within the health institution, temporary storage, trans­ portation to the medical waste processing facility and disposal without harming the environment or human health from genera­ tion to disposal of medical waste. Zero Waste Project (2017) In Türkiye, the Zero Waste Project was first announced in 2017 and introduced under the auspices of the Presidency and the leadership of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation. The first application of the project in the public sector was realised in the Presidential Com­ plex and the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation. Regulation on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (2017) The purpose of the Regulation is to determine the procedures and principles regarding the use and termination of substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, to which Türkiye is a party. The Regulation includes the production, foreign trade, use, market placement, recovery, recycling, reclamation and disposal of controlled substances, new substances, products and equipment containing or working with these substances, as well as the reporting of all information and informing the public. This Reg­ ulation has been prepared within the framework of harmonisation with European Union legislation by taking into account Regulation (EC) No. 1005/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16/9/2009 on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Regulation on Exhaust Gas Emission Control (2017) The purpose of the Regulation is to protect living beings and the envi­ ronment from the effects of air pollution caused by exhaust gases from 65 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT motor vehicles in traffic, to ensure the reduction of exhaust gas pollut­ ants, to control them by taking measurements and to determine the procedures and principles regarding their implementation. This Regu­ lation covers the procedures and principles regarding the measurement stations belonging to real or legal persons who will carry out exhaust gas emission measurements of motor vehicles operating on gasoline, diesel and gas fuel (LPG, CNG, LNG and similar) and their opening, op­ eration, authorisation, and the management, operation and inspection of devices, tools/equipment, personnel and their qualifications. Amendment to the Ministry of National Education Secondary Education Institutions Regulation (2018) With the amendment made to the article titled “Duties and Responsi­ bilities of Teachers” of the Regulation, raising environmental aware­ ness has been added to the duties and responsibilities of teachers. Regulation on Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from the Storage and Distribution of Gasoline and Naphtha (2018) The purpose of the Regulation is to combat air pollution by reducing volatile organic compounds emitted from the processes, facilities and tankers used during the storage, filling and transportation of gasoline and naphtha from one terminal to another, or from one terminal to a fuel station and the fuelling of motor vehicles at fuel stations. This Regulation covers all kinds of devices used for the storage and filling of gasoline and naphtha at terminals or fuel stations, as well as tankers used for the transportation of gasoline and naphtha between termi­ nals or from a terminal to a fuel station, and the requirements for the installation and operation of fuel stations. 66 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Zero Waste Information System (2018) The Ministry established the Zero Waste Information System in 2018 as an online application to register, record, and monitor the locations that will implement the zero waste management system and to ensure the traceability of the waste managed under the system. Law on Amendments to the Environment Law No. 7153 and Certain Laws (2018) In the second paragraph of Article 29 of the Law, the provision “The Ministry shall provide incentives to municipalities, special provin­ cial administrations, institutions, organisations, and enterprises that establish and implement a zero waste management system for the purpose of separate collection and collection of waste at source” was added with the aim of expanding the implementation of zero waste by public institutions and organisations. This Law introduced the collection of recovery participation fees from consumers and those who market the products specified by the Law. As a result of this amendment, plastic bags began to be given to users or consumers for a fee at points of sale as of January 1, 2019. Environmental Labelling Regulation (2018) The Regulation establishes a voluntary, scientifically-based “Environ­ mental Labelling System” to promote products with reduced environ­ mental impact to consumers and includes the procedures and principles regarding the implementation of the system. It is a system that demon­ strates the environmental sensitivity and friendliness of products or ser­ vices that are produced, distributed, exported, or imported in Türkiye. Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023), (2019) In the Eleventh Development Plan, under the title “Protection of the Environment,” the main objectives include “protecting the environ­ ment and natural resources, improving their quality, ensuring their effective, integrated, and sustainable management, realising environ­ ment and climate-friendly practices in all areas, and increasing envi­ ronmental awareness and sensitivity of all segments of society.” The policies and measures to be implemented in this context are also listed under the same chapter. Zero Waste Regulation (2019) The purpose of the Regulation is to determine the general principles and principles regarding the establishment, dissemination, develop­ 67 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT ment, monitoring, financing, registration, and certification of the zero waste management system, which aims to protect the environment and human health in waste management processes in line with the principles of efficient management of raw materials, natural resourc­ es, and sustainable development. In this regulation, which aims to adopt, implement, and disseminate the zero waste vision throughout the country, the authorities and ob­ ligations of the relevant institutions and organisations are listed, and the Principles for the Establishment of the Zero Waste Management System and Collection System and the Principles for the Zero Waste Certificate are determined. Zero Waste Management System Implementation Guidelines (2019) In accordance with the Zero Waste Regulation, eleven “Zero Waste Management System Implementation Guidelines” were prepared to guide the target groups that need to establish the Zero Waste Manage­ ment System. Regulation on Recycling Contribution Fee (2019) The purposes of the Regulation are as follows: » Determining, declaring, collecting and monitoring the recycling contribution fees to be collected from the points of sale for the bags among the products listed in Annex-1 of Environment Law No. 2872 dated 9/8/1983 and from the marketers/importers of other products, » Determining the administrative and technical procedures and principles regarding the provisions to be complied with by the points of sale for plastic bags and by the marketers/importers for other products among the products listed in Annex-1 of the Law. Law No. 7261 on Amendments to the Establishment of the Türkiye Environmental Agency and Certain Laws (2020) The Türkiye Environmental Agency was established to prevent envi­ ronmental pollution, contribute to the protection, improvement, and development of green areas, increase resource efficiency in line with the circular economy and zero waste approach, and undertake activi­ ties for the establishment, operation, monitoring, and supervision of a national deposit management system. This amendment to the Environmental Law introduced the concept of circular economy, provisions for the effective management of waste lubricants, provisions supporting zero waste and separate collection 68 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY at source practices, regulations regarding the compulsory use of waste and materials obtained from waste in production, and a reduction in the use of disposable materials and plastic bags. Regulation on Control of Packaging Waste (2021) The Regulation covers the ways and methods to be followed in the process of preventing post-use waste and, if prevention is not possible, reuse, recycling, or recovery methods and disposal. Regulation on General Principles of Waste Pretreatment and Recovery Facilities (2021) The Regulation sets out the procedures and principles regarding the technical criteria of waste pre-treatment and recovery facilities oper­ ating for the processing of waste and the minimum requirements for these facilities. Türkiye Green Deal Action Plan (2021) A roadmap for Türkiye’s adaptation to the European Green Deal was identified, and an action plan was developed with the contributions of relevant institutions. In this context, Presidential Circular No. 2021/15 on the Green Deal Working Group (YMÇG) and the Green Deal Action Plan (YMEP) was published in the Official Gazette dated July 16, 2021. The action plan covers 81 actions to be implemented to achieve the designated targets under the following headlines in accordance with the EU’s policy priorities: » Carbon Border Adjustments, » A Green and Circular Economy, » Green Financing, » Clean, Economic, and Secure Energy Supply, » Sustainable Agriculture, » Sustainable Intelligent Transportation, » Combating Climate Change, » Diplomacy, » Information and Awareness-Raising Activities 69 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT The Procedures and Principles for the Establishment and Opera­ tion of Waste Collection Centres and Zero Waste Practices (2021) The purpose of the procedures and principles is to determine the ad­ ministrative and technical aspects regarding the storage and collection of recoverable waste separately from other waste at its source through zero waste management system practices and the waste collection centres established for the recovery and/or disposal of the recoverable waste. Law on Amendments to Environment Law No. 7410 and Certain Laws (2021) This amendment allows more involvement from the private sector in the waste management process by enabling public and private coop­ eration in the management of the mandatory deposit-refund system through the Türkiye Environmental Agency and introduces provi­ sions to impose administrative fines on establishments that generate low amounts of medical waste, such as medical clinics, if they take ac­ tions contrary to the provisions of the relevant legislation. Establishment of the Directorate of Climate Change (2021) The Directorate is responsible for determining the national and inter­ national policies, strategies, and actions that are integral to Türkiye’s endeavours to combat and adapt to climate change, pursuing negoti­ ation processes, and ensuring coordination with institutions and or­ ganisations. In line with Türkiye’s 2053 net zero emission and green development targets, the Directorate is tasked with conducting all kinds of work necessary for adaptation to climate change and carbon emission reduction, as well as raising awareness of climate change in all segments of society with a human and nature-friendly approach. Sustainable Finance Framework Document (2021) The framework document is designed for utilisation in borrowing transactions, such as green, social, or sustainable bond or lease certifi­ cates, which can be executed by the Ministry of Treasury and Finance in international capital markets. The document covers a variety of top­ ics, including Türkiye’s climate change commitments and the Green Deal Action Plan. Furthermore, the framework for green, social, and sustainable financing is outlined. 70 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Regulation on the Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Goods (2022) The purpose of the regulation is to regulate the strategies and policies, administrative, legal and technical procedures and principles on the fol­ lowing matters to ensure the sustainable protection of the environment: » Prevention of the generation of waste electrical and electronic goods based on the principles of circular economy and efficient use of resources; in cases where prevention is not possible, collection of waste electrical and electronic goods separately and determina­ tion of the methods and targets for reuse, recycling, and recovery in order to reduce the amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment designated for disposal, » Management of waste electrical and electronic goods within a spe­ cific management system, including the zero waste management system, in a manner that causes no harm to the environment and human health, » Determination of the framework for the implementation of ex­ tended producer responsibility for electrical and electronic goods manufacturers. Medium-Term Programme for 2022-2024 (2022) The Medium-Term Programme for 2022–2024 aims for growth that embraces green transformation. It is indicated that the objectives and actions outlined in the Green Deal Action Plan will also influence processes regarding the integration with global value chains and the attraction of international investment to the country during the pro­ gram’s duration. The policies and measures to be implemented in this context are included in the programme. Circular on Waste Pickers (2022) The objective of the circular is to authorise and regulate the job system for independent waste pickers, also known as “paper pickers” by the public, through registration with the “zero waste information system.” According to the circular, local administrators are responsible for en­ suring coordination regarding the implementation, while municipali­ ties are tasked with conducting field practices and organising and tak­ ing precautions on the ground in accordance with the legislation. 71 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Global Commitment to Zero Waste (2022) First Lady Emine Erdoğan had a meeting with UN Secretary-Gener­ al Guterres while accompanying President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to attend the 77th Session of the UN General Assembly in New York, USA. The two signed the “Global Commitment to Zero Waste” at the UN Headquarters as part of combating the climate crisis. On this oc­ casion, First Lady Emine Erdoğan was informed that she is recognised as a global leader in the zero-waste initiative, working under the UN umbrella. March 30 International Zero Waste Day (2022) The United Nations (UN) General Assembly approved the “Zero Waste” resolution that Türkiye had submitted as part of its efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainable development. Therefore, the resolution passed by the UN General Assembly showed support for the “Zero-Waste Project,” which was implemented with the guidance of First Lady Emine Erdoğan. As a result of this resolution, the General Assembly has declared March 30 to be International Zero Waste Day. Regulation on the Restrictions on the Use of Hazardous Sub­ stances in Electrical and Electronic Goods (2022) The purpose of the regulation is to establish the principles and proce­ dures regarding the use of hazardous substances in electrical and elec­ tronic goods in order to contribute to the protection of human health and the environment, including methods to ensure environmentally friendly recovery and disposal of waste electrical and electronic goods. Regulation on Environmental Management of Shipyards, Drydocks, and Slipways (2022) The purpose of the regulation is to establish the principles and pro­ cedures regarding the environmental management of pollutants that cause marine pollution and ecosystem destruction in the long term by accumulating on the seabed and are generated as a result of construc­ tion, modification, and/or maintenance and repair activities in ship­ yards, drydocks, and slipways operating in the coastal areas of Türki­ ye. The regulation covers the improvement of processes at shipyards, drydocks, and slipways with respect to the environment, the dissem­ ination of cleaner manufacturing techniques, the monitoring of the effects of processes on the marine environment, the establishment of ballast sediment collection facilities, and the required reports. 72 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY BIST Sustainability Index (2022) The BIST Sustainability Index and BIST Sustainability 25 Index were created based on the companies traded on Borsa İstanbul and those that scored high on corporate sustainability performance in order to raise awareness, knowledge, and practices on sustainability among Borsa İstanbul companies. The BIST Sustainability 25 Index was cre­ ated to index large, liquid companies with high sustainability perfor­ mance. The Index reveals companies’ approaches to sustainability issues that are significant for Türkiye and the world, such as global warming, depletion of natural resources and water, health, security, and employment, and provides an independent insight into their ac­ tivities and decisions. Regulation on Combined Transportation (2022) This regulation aims to establish principles and conditions regarding combined transportation and green logistics, to create an integrated, balanced, and environmentally friendly transportation system, and to support and incentivise its dissemination. Sustainable Banking Strategic Plan for 2022-2025 (BDDK) (2022) The main focus of the Sustainable Banking Strategic Plan is to estab­ lish a banking infrastructure that promotes sustainability. It outlines the principles and procedures that banks will follow to ensure their sustainability activities align with international standards and prac­ tices. The Strategic Plan sets out basic principles for digitalising, mea­ suring, and analysing “climate-related financial risks.” The policies set out in the Strategic Plan aim to facilitate the development of sustain­ able banking activities while ensuring the sector’s financial solidity. Within this context, the planned steps are also expected to contribute to obtaining cost-effective resources from international markets for the green transformation of the real sector. The sustainable finance mission of the Banking Regulatory and Super­ vision Agency (BDDK) is to minimise impacts on the banking sector, or, in other words, the environmental and social risks that may threat­ en financial stability, and to play a guiding, facilitating, encouraging, and educating role for the banking sector in financing the transition to a low-carbon economy. Zero Waste Advisory Board (2023) The resolution for promoting zero waste approaches under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by the 77th Session 73 TÜRKİYE’S LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT of the UN General Assembly on December 14, 2022. On 12 April 2023, there was a discussion and decision made regarding the establishment of an advisory board. The purpose of this board is to spread best prac­ tices and success stories related to zero-waste and raise awareness on a global scale. The Zero-Waste Advisory Board, which was established within this scope, is chaired by First Lady Emine Erdoğan, the spouse of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Regulation on Export and Import of Certain Hazardous Chemicals (2023) The purpose of the regulation is to regulate the procedures and princi­ ples regarding the implementation of The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade; the promotion of efforts based on shared responsibility and cooperation to protect human health and the environment from potential harm during the international trans­ portation of hazardous chemicals; the use of hazardous chemicals in an environmentally compatible manner; the facilitation of information sharing on the characteristics of hazardous chemicals; and the proper distribution of national precautionary decisions and final regulatory actions taken on hazardous chemicals to parties of the Convention to assist these countries and other countries to complete their national de­ cision-making processes regarding imports and exports. Regulation on Wastewater Treatment Plant Energy Incentive (2023) The regulation’s purpose is to establish the procedures and principles for the Ministry’s partial or full reimbursement of the costs of elec­ tricity used in wastewater treatment plants to those who meet the legislative requirements at their established or operated wastewater treatment facilities that discharge and/or reuse treated wastewater for improving water quality and protecting natural resources. Amendment to Regulation on Preschool Education and Primary School Education Institutions of the Ministry of National Education(2023) The article “Expected Behaviours from Students” was amended to in­ clude provisions emphasising students’ contribution to environmen­ tal protection as a behavioural objective. 74 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Amendment to Regulation on Preschool Education and Primary School Education Institutions of the Ministry of National Education(2023) The amendment to the “Playground” article of the Regulation now re­ quires the establishment of educational environments that will assist children in expanding their environmental awareness. Türkiye Sustainability Reporting Standards (TSRS) (2024) The Regulation, which mandates sustainability reporting for compa­ nies within its jurisdiction, seeks to disclose the sustainability per­ formance of companies in a transparent manner. These reports help companies prepare for a more sustainable future by identifying risks and new business opportunities that may arise, particularly with re­ spect to global challenges such as climate change. The TSRS can be interpreted as both an opportunity and a stimulus for companies in Türkiye to comply with the EU’S CSRD and CSDDD directives. Twelfth Development Plan (2024-2028) (2024) The Eleventh Development Plan, under the chapter “Protection of the Environment,” incorporates the following fundamental goals: “In ac­ cordance with the Sustainable Development Goals, transitioning to a low-carbon economy that is resilient to the impacts of climate change; protecting and managing environmental and natural resources with an understanding of social justice; and raising public awareness and sensitivity towards the environment.” The policies and measures to be implemented in this context are also listed under the same chapter. Medium-Term Programme (2024-2026) (2024) Throughout the programme period, in alignment with the goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2053 and the country’s development priorities, the programme will be tailored to aid in reducing green­ house gas emissions, enhancing resilience to climate change, priori­ tising competitiveness and efficiency, and ensuring a fair transition period. It also aims to expedite its green transformation process by im­ proving national incentive mechanisms that make the most of global financing sources. It is anticipated that the preparation of fundamen­ tal legislation that comprehensively addresses climate change-related practices will be concluded within the scope of policies and measures to be implemented in this context. 75 Strategy Documents and ActIon Plans Chapter III STRATEGY DOCUMENTS AND ACTION PLANS 77 Strategy Documents and ActIon Plans Strategy Documents and Action Plans Türkiye’s Climate Change Strategy (2010-2023) and Action Plans (2011-2023) The Climate Change Action Plan (IDEP), which includes strategic principles and goals for the years 2011–2023 within the framework of greenhouse gas emission control and adaptation to climate change, was prepared and put into implementation in July 2011 in order to carry out the National Climate Change Strategy, which was developed under the coordination of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change and approved by the Prime Ministry High Plan­ ning Council on May 3, 2010. IDEP aims to combat climate change by identifying actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, enhance resilience to climate im­ pacts, and promote climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in Türkiye. The IDEP, which addresses GHG emission control and ad­ aptation measures to be implemented in priority sectors within the framework of particular conditions in Türkiye, focuses especially on institutional structuring, long-term cooperation, technology develop­ ment, and financing. As part of IDEP, 541 actions have been identified under the sub-head­ ings of Energy, Buildings, Transport, Industry, Waste, Agriculture, Land Use and Forestry, and Cross-Sectoral Shared Issues. 78 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY In 2011, another significant action plan on climate change, the Strategy and Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change (IDUSEP) was pub­ lished. IDUSEP includes chapters on Water Resources Management, Agriculture Sector and Food Security, Ecosystem Services, Biodiversi­ ty and Forestry, Natural Disaster Risk Management, Human Health, and Cross-Sectoral Shared Issues. The work on updating these action plans with medium and long-term targets for 2030 and 2053 is being carried out under the coordination of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change. Regional Climate Change Action Plans Türkiye is divided into seven geographical regions with different con­ ditions. Despite the climatic differences between these regions, they all share the common challenge of climate change. In developing actions for these seven regions, it’s crucial to thoroughly analyse the social, economic, and physical conditions of each region and city. According­ ly, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change an­ alysed the regions separately and prepared Regional Climate Change Action Plans (BIDEP). In BIDEP, areas such as water resources, disasters, air quality, agricul­ ture, animal husbandry, forestry, ecosystems and biodiversity, econ­ omy, health, tourism, energy, coastal areas, and urban infrastructure have been analysed, and measures to be taken against the impacts of climate change and recommendations on adaptation have been deter­ mined in the areas of Water Management, Cities and Infrastructure, Air Quality, Energy, Coastal Areas, Health, Disasters, Transport, Tour­ ism, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Ecosystems and Biodiversi­ ty, Forestry, Economy, Sociocultural Structure. Circular Economy Action Plan The action plan developed to promote the transition to a circular econ­ omy that contributes to more efficient resource and waste management across Türkiye and to strengthen Türkiye’s institutional and technical capacity in the transition to a circular economy in line with the EU Cir­ cular Economy Model has begun to be executed as of February 7, 2022. The target groups of the project are the Ministry of Environment, Ur­ banisation and Climate Change, public institutions and organisations, sector representatives and organisations, municipalities, and non-gov­ ernmental organisations. 79 Strategy Documents and ActIon Plans The objectives of the project are to analyse Türkiye’s potential for transi­ tion to a circular economy based on the European Union Circular Econ­ omy Model, to develop a National Strategy and Action Plan for waste and resource management in line with the European Union Circular Economy Package, and to improve the management capacity of nation­ al and local administrations in terms of integrated waste management. Türkiye’s Spatial Strategy Plan 2053 The 2009 Urbanisation Council decision, which stated that “the coun­ try’s spatial strategy plan should be developed and the existing planning hierarchy should be updated accordingly,” has shaped the development process of Türkiye’s Spatial Strategy Plan (MSP) over the past ten years. In this process, the spatial strategy plan was included in the planning legislation for the first time in 2011, and the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation was assigned the task of developing spatial strategy plans in cooperation with relevant institutions and organisations. In 2019, with the protocol signed between Istanbul Technical Univer­ sity (ITU) and the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation, efforts on the “Development of Türkiye’s Spatial Strategy Plan Project Phase 1” were exerted. Within the scope of the project, efforts were focused on the themes of settlement system and urbanisation, economy and special specialisation regions, transportation and logistics, energy in­ frastructure, natural structure and climate change and policies (social, cultural, environmental) and innovation and technology, competitive­ ness and attractiveness, human development and social policy, acces­ sibility/mobility, and environmental sustainability. Türkiye’s Spatial Strategy Plan’s vision consists of six primary focus areas: “Livable Settlements, Accessibility, and Mobility,” “Sustainabil­ ity in Natural Structure, Natural Disasters, and Ecosystem Services,” “Combating Climate Change,” “Competitiveness and Attractiveness,” “Innovation and Technology,” and “Population Dynamics and Human Development.” There are 28 priorities under 6 focus areas. Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy Mobility provides numerous benefits to its participants, but it is very costly for our society. Furthermore, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, sound and noise pollution, water pollution, accidents, traf­ fic congestion, and biodiversity loss all have an impact on our health and welfare. Past studies and policy measures have not adequately 80 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY addressed these costs. Greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector have risen over time, now accounting for nearly a quarter of to­ tal EU emissions. This strategy lays out a road map for a sustainable future, with the goal of fundamentally changing our current approach to ensure that our transport system is resilient to potential crises. Accordingly, 10 strate­ gic areas are defined in the action plan. They are listed below: » Increasing the supply of zero-emission vehicles, renewable low-carbon fuels, and infrastructure, » Building zero-emission airports and ports, » Making intercity and urban mobility more sustainable, » Greener freight transportation, » Carbon pricing and better incentives, » Introducing connected and autonomous multimodal mobility, » Increasing the use of innovation, data, and AI for smarter mobility, » Strengthening the single market, » Making mobility fair and accessible for all, » Improving transportation safety and security. Energy Efficiency Strategy Paper (2012-2023) The Energy Efficiency Strategy Paper, published on February 25, 2012, and covering the years 2012-2023, aims to reduce energy intensity by at least 20% by 2023 compared to 2011 figures while also preventing 81 Strategy Documents and ActIon Plans energy losses. Türkiye’s Energy Efficiency Strategy Paper aims to re­ duce energy intensity and losses in the industrial and service sectors, lower building energy demand, and promote sustainable buildings. Additionally, it aims to increase market penetration of energy-efficient products, improve efficiency in electricity generation, transmission, and distribution processes, reduce fossil fuel consumption in motor vehicles, and increase the share of public transportation in transporta­ tion modes. The Strategy Paper emphasises the effective and efficient use of energy in the public sector, as well as the strengthening of insti­ tutional structures, capacities, and cooperation, the increased use of advanced technology, and awareness-raising activities. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Strategic Plan (2019-2023) The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources aims to increase effi­ ciency in all processes from energy production to consumption in line with its mission of “providing the highest contribution to national welfare by utilising energy and natural resources in the most efficient and environmentally conscious manner” and vision of “a reliable fu­ ture in energy and natural resources.” The Ministry’s Strategic Plan is a document that highlights the growing importance of energy efficiency at both the national and international levels. In the Plan, prioritising and increasing energy efficiency has been identified as one of the stra­ tegic objectives, and in this context, four strategic goals have been es­ tablished to continue the efforts to increase energy efficiency, develop market infrastructure, carry out activities to raise public awareness of energy efficiency, and plan the energy system for electric vehicles. National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2017-2023) ( I. NEEAP) Within the scope of the First NEEAP, published as the High Planning Council Decision numbered 2017/50 in the Official Gazette dated Jan­ uary 2, 2018 and numbered 30289, covering the years 2017-2023, it is aimed to reduce primary energy consumption by 14% in 2023 with 55 actions under the headings of buildings and services, energy, trans­ portation, industry and technology, agriculture, and horizontal topics. NEEAP’s ability to be routinely monitored via an online platform, the NEEAP Data Collection Software, and to disseminate findings based on actions, is one of its key characteristics. The coordination of all pub­ lic institutions and other relevant stakeholders is ensured by the NEE­ AP Monitoring and Direction Board in order to ensure the successful 82 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY implementation of energy efficiency-related activities throughout the country, and the follow-up and effective implementation of the ac­ tions specified in the Plan. The realisation rate of the actions according to the annual work programme, the completion rate and the ongoing endeavours related to the action are evaluated in the annual NEEAP Progress Reports and shared with the public. Energy Efficiency 2030 Strategy and Second National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2024-2030) The goals of the Energy Efficiency 2030 Strategy and the Second Na­ tional Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2024–2030), which was created to cover the years 2024–2030 after the first NEEAP was completed in 2023, are to achieve a total primary energy savings of 37.1 MTEP during the 2024–2030 period and to reduce the amount and intensity of ener­ gy consumed per gross domestic product of Türkiye by 15% compared to the 2023 value. To accomplish the aforementioned goals, strategic objectives are es­ tablished that span several sectors and can be accomplished through joint endeavours involving all pertinent components. Every strategic goal included in this paper embodies the essential policies required for Türkiye to transition into a nation that uses energy as efficiently as possible while adhering to sustainable development principles. There are 10 targets in this framework, and the plan specifies 23 actions that fall under each of these targets. 83 Strategy Documents and ActIon Plans 12th Development Plan In the 12th Development Plan approved on October 31, 2023, which covers the years 2024-2028, in accordance with the Sustainable De­ velopment Goals (SDGs), with the aim of ensuring the transition to a low-carbon economy that is resilient to the impacts of climate change, conservation and management of the environment and natural re­ sources with an understanding of social justice, sensitising the public towards the environment and raising awareness, along with general policies and measures, specific policies and measures were specified under the sub-topics of Urban Infrastructure, Regional Development and Rural Development. Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan (CCASAP) (2024-2030) The preparatory work of the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan, which covers the years 2024-2030, was conducted as part of the “Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation Action in Türkiye Project,” carried out through the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisa­ tion and Climate Change and the United Nations Development Pro­ gramme (UNDP) and financed by the European Union and the Repub­ lic of Türkiye. In addition to the sectors included in the previous plan, Urban, En­ ergy, Tourism and Cultural Heritage, Industry, Transport and Com­ munication, Social Development sectors were included in the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan (2024-2030). Thus, for the years 2024-2030, adaptation strategy and action plan works were 84 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY carried out in a total of 12 sectors involving the subjects of agriculture and food safety, ecosystem services and biodiversity, management of water sources, tourism and cultural heritage, industry, urban, social development, public health, transportation and communication, en­ ergy, disaster risk reduction and cross-cutting issues. The Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan, which has the characteristics of a reference document that briefly presents the strategic framework and priorities related to climate change adapta­ tion until 2030, emphasises the priority areas for action. The strate­ gy is completed with an action plan that sets goals and priorities for increasing adaptation capacity, sets forth climate change adaptation measures for each sector, designates a timeline for the implementa­ tion of these measures, and refers to the necessary resources as well as responsible institutions. The goal is to ensure that nature, superstructure and infrastructure, health and emergency services, along with key economic sectors, are both resilient to risks and able to seize opportunities at the highest level. Medium-Term Programme The 19th Medium-Term Programme, prepared in 2023, covers the years 2024-2026; the subject is addressed under the topics of Green Trans­ formation and Digital Transformation. Under the heading of Green Transformation, the widespread destructive effects of climate change on environmental, social and economic areas on a global scale and the changes in production and consumption patterns with the Covid-19 pandemic, the disruption of the energy supply-demand balance by the Russia-Ukraine war, and the increasing need for sustainability-orient­ ed policies, measures and practices have been discussed. In this sense, renewable resources, energy efficiency and circular economy policies have become priorities in all sectors, particularly in the energy, indus­ try, transportation and agriculture sectors. Türkiye which is among the countries that are most exposed to cli­ mate change with its geographical location and natural resources, is also significantly affected by international policies and developments on combating climate change. In this framework, by being a party to the Paris Agreement, the determination to transition to a low-carbon economy was expressed through the 2053 net zero emission target, and a Green Deal Action Plan was developed within the scope of Euro­ pean Union harmonisation endeavours. In line with the 2053 net zero emission target and national development priorities, the programme 85 Strategy Documents and ActIon Plans aims to speed up Türkiye’s green transformation by promoting the re­ duction of greenhouse gas emissions, building up its ability to adapt to climate change, making the country more competitive and efficient, considering a fair transition, and creating national incentive systems. Thirty-one policy and measure items were identified as part of this. Another sub-heading in the Plan, “Digital Transformation”, deals with the increasing prominence of digital technologies in the positioning of international production and the competitiveness of countries, and the acceleration of the impact of these technologies on sectors with the Covid-19 pandemic. However, due to the increasing use of data, privacy and functionality-orientated data sharing and cybersecurity issues are gaining importance. Accelerating digital transformation within the program’s parameters includes bolstering electronic communication infrastructures, mod­ ernising and expanding network infrastructures, creating qualified R&D studies in priority sectors and areas, enhancing expertise in digital transformation technologies, bolstering the capacity and ca­ pabilities of SMEs and other businesses in using digital technology, establishing efficient financing mechanisms, fortifying cyber security with more cohesive national policies, maximising efficiency through the use of digital technologies in citizen-oriented public services, and utilising digital technologies at the highest level in the development of public services. In line with these objectives, it is aimed to increase innovation in the use of digital technologies in the public sector and to expand the use of cloud computing and open source software to 86 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY generate value from data, to establish an effective data governance mechanism covering the entire public sector, to improve the project management competencies of public institutions related to informa­ tion technologies, and to make necessary improvements in the public employment approach to facilitate and encourage the employment of qualified IT personnel in the public sector. Thirty two policy and mea­ sure items were identified in this framework. Climate Change Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan (CCMSAP) (2024-2030) The action plan addresses 7 main sectors: Energy, Industry, Buildings, Transportation, Waste, Agriculture and LULUCF. Electricity genera­ tion is covered under the energy sector, while energy use in other areas is evaluated under the relevant sectors. In order to ensure integrity in the Action Plan, issues such as incentives, financing, technology, ca­ pacity building and training activities for the sector are included un­ der the strategies and actions of the relevant sectors. The Action Plan includes 49 strategies in 9 chapters and 260 actions under these strategies. The strategies set forth what needs to be done in different areas such as legislation, infrastructure, technology, fi­ nance, capacity building, education and public awareness on a sec­ toral scale. Various indicators and responsible institutions and organ­ isations have also been identified for each action within the scope of these strategies. There are 47 responsible institutions and organisa­ tions under the Action Plan. 87 Strategy Documents and ActIon Plans Water Efficiency Strategy Document and Action Plan in the Framework of Adaptation to a Changing Climate (2023-2033) It is essential that existing water resources are utilised in terms of quantity and quality and in consideration of ecosystem sensitivity and environmental needs, in other words, by showing sensitivity to the right to water of all living beings rather than being solely human-ori­ entated. In this perspective, the study’s major goal is to identify the essential solutions for rational, shared, effective, efficient, and fair use of water in all purposes, notably in urban, agricultural, and industrial areas, while taking into account all sectoral, institutional, and individ­ ual stakeholders. 4 objectives and a total of 18 strategies under these objectives have been identified in the Plan to ensure water efficiency in all sectors. JUNE 5TH WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY MASS OPENING CEREMONY 89 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS Chapter IV INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS 91 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS International Treaties and Conventions Societies, particularly in the mid-twentieth century, recognised that their relationships with the environment were problematic. The rec­ ognition that the earth’s resources are finite, that the relationship of dominance between nature and humans should be redefined, and that this world, which is the trust of future generations, should be protect­ ed, has begun to be expressed through national and international ini­ tiatives. The rise in environmental problems and their nature demon­ strated that tackling these issues cannot be achieved solely through individual or national efforts and that finding solutions requires glob­ al awareness and solidarity. The first global steps in this struggle were taken in declarations and international agreements prepared at envi­ ronmental conferences led by the United Nations (UN), as well as na­ tional strategies of countries. Stockholm Conference The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, also known as the Stockholm Conference, the first of its kind in terms of drawing international attention to global environmental issues, was held in Stockholm in June 5-16, 1972, with the participation of 113 coun­ tries, including Türkiye. The said conference focused on the negative 92 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY impacts of human activities on the environment, challenges facing the countries’ economic growth, improvement of living conditions, and emphasised international cooperation and solidarity by highlighting the relevant international organisations and laws. Furthermore, at the conclusion of the conference, June 5 was designated as “World En­ vironment Day” with the adoption of the first international environ­ mental declaration, the “Stockholm Declaration.” Following this dec­ laration, the “United Nations Environment Programme” (UNEP) was founded in 1972 to directly handle environmental concerns within a United Nations body helping in environmental issues. UNEP was the first international organisation founded exclusively for environmental purposes, and it is regarded as one of the Stockholm Conference’s most significant achievements. The structure of UNEP was defined in 1972 as “to promote international cooperation in envi­ ronmental matters, to make necessary recommendations on environ­ mental policies, and to provide guidance and cooperation on environ­ mental issues within the UN.” Environmental understanding, which began with the Stockholm Con­ ference, where many countries with different socioeconomic struc­ tures and levels of development met for the first time to discuss the “environment,” has gradually grown in importance in Türkiye and around the world, becoming a more comprehensive issue. The envi­ ronmental movement in Türkiye, which commenced with the afore­ mentioned conference, was characterised by the initial establishment of the right to the environment in the 1982 Constitution and the inte­ gration of the “Regulation on the Control of Hazardous Wastes” into national legislation as a consequence of the Basel Convention (1987). Thus, Türkiye started to take steps to protect the environment. In 1983, the United Nations General Assembly established the World Commission on Environment and Development and tasked Gro Har­ lem Brundtland with developing a global agenda for change. The re­ sulting report, also known as the Brundtland Report, Our Common Future, was written in 1987 and introduced the concept of sustainable development for the first time, which remains regarded as the most effective tool for addressing environmental issues. The report also ad­ dressed issues such as channelling environmental concerns, ensuring cooperation among countries at various economic levels, establishing common goals by addressing the human-resource relationship in the 93 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS context of environmental development, and developing long-term en­ vironmental strategies. Furthermore, the report emphasises the im­ portance of planning for the future and taking steps to protect future generations’ interests. At the same time, the report recognises the fi­ nite nature of resources and proposes a new concept of development as balanced and sustainable, marking a departure from the existing approach. Rio Conference Unlike the Stockholm Conference of 1972, the UN Conference on Envi­ ronment and Development (Rio Conference), held in Brazil from June 3-14, 1992, aimed to evaluate the past twenty years and formulate fu­ ture policies, with extensive participation from local governments, the business world, non-governmental organisations, the scientific com­ munity, the press, and central governments. Emphasising the impor­ tance of international cooperation for the efficient use of the world’s resources, 179 countries, including 108 heads of state, attended the Rio Conference, where governments signed three important agreements aimed at changing the conventional understanding of development: 94 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY » Agenda 21: An action plan covering all stages of sustainable de­ velopment (a decision that emphasises the participation of local governments in sustainable development problem and solution processes). » Rio Declaration: A set of principles setting out the rights and obli­ gations of states. » Forest Principles: A set of principles aimed at the sustainable man­ agement of forests worldwide. In addition to these, there were also additional legally binding conventions: » UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, » UN Convention on Biological Diversity. At the Conference, where Türkiye was represented by its Prime Min­ ister, the concrete global Action Plan titled “Agenda 21” was adopted, as well as the “National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan” (UÇEP), a comprehensive document that serves as the foundation for Turkish environmental policies. Local Agenda 21 practices in Türkiye gained momentum at the end of 1997 with the “Promotion and Development of Local Agenda 21s in Türkiye” project. The project, which was coordinated by the Turk­ ish-based Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Regional Organisa­ tion of the International Union of Local Authorities and funded by the UN Development Programme, initially included only nine cities. The project was reviewed, and the number of cities was increased to 23 fol­ lowing successful results at the end of the first year. The Ministry of Internal Affairs supported this movement, which was recognised as a new way of thinking about governance. On March 19, 1998, the Ministry of Interior sent a circular to all governorates to get pub­ lic officials to support the Local Agenda 21 movement, thus creating a positive environment for the work of the project partners. This support plays an important role in overcoming initial difficulties at the local level. In the Turkish program, special care was given to prioritise the “gover­ nance” approach based on participation and partnerships within the framework of the “global partnership” approach that underpins Agen­ da 21. In this context, it is aimed at taking long-lasting steps towards the development and establishment of a democratic and participatory 95 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS governance approach that is supported by the “facilitating” and “en­ abling” roles of local governments and depends on the power of local people, encouraging cooperation and equal partnerships with related local groups. Within this framework, efforts were made to keep the programme open to local partners such as associations and founda­ tions, civil society organisations such as professional chambers and trade unions, private sector organisations, academic institutions, me­ dia outlets, neighbourhood administrations, citizen initiatives, and in general all members of the local community. Special attention is paid to policies and practices that aim to increase women’s effective partic­ ipation in urban life and ensure that gender is addressed in local plan­ ning and decision-making processes, that recognise young people as “not only future managers but also partners of the present,” and that aim to create more and equal opportunities for the elderly, children and persons with disabilities. Türkiye’s Local Agenda 21 Programme was selected by the UN Devel­ opment Programme as one of the most successful implementations in the world, and the UN formally applied to the Prime Minister of Tür­ kiye and informed him that the programme would be presented as a “best practice” example at the World Summit on Sustainable Develop­ ment in Johannesburg, August 26-September 4, 2002. UN Millennium Declaration In 2000, representatives of 189 nations, including 147 heads of state and government, gathered at a UN-led summit to adopt the Millennium Dec­ laration and Millennium Development Goals for 2015. The Millennium Development Goals, which are based on the Millennium Declaration aiming to end extreme poverty and hunger in the 21st century and for developing countries to work in cooperation with developed countries for a common future, include the alignment of sustainable development principles with national policies and programmes, reversing the loss of environmental resources, reducing the loss of biodiversity, and halving the rate of lack of sustainable access to safe drinking water within the scope of ensuring environmental sustainability. The World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg from August 26 to September 4, 2002, aimed to follow up on the results of the Rio Conference and to align the efforts of countries and relevant stakeholders towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. 96 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY As a continuation of these efforts, 20 years after the 1992 Rio Confer­ ence, the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) was held in Rio de Janeiro on June 20-22, 2012. As a result of the Rio+20 Summit, an outcome document called “The Future We Want” was ad­ opted as a roadmap for development. Additionally, the green economy model was addressed as an important agenda item at this conference. The green economy model is presented as the economic model that will enable the realisation of sustainable development. Agenda 2030: UN Sustainable Development Goals was adopted in New York on September 27, 2015. The UN Sustainable Development Goals, which are a continuation of the Millennium Development Goals, consist of 17 goals and 169 sub-goals. Ending extreme poverty, com­ bating inequality and injustice, and addressing climate change have been recognised as the three main frameworks of these 21 goals. With the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, a new global development framework was drawn and environmental issues such as sustainable cities, climate change, combating drought and protecting biodiversity were included in the sustainable development agenda. Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol The first international initiative in the context of global warming is the “Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.” The Con­ vention on the reduction of ozone-depleting substances was drafted and adopted in 1985. Following the Convention, the “Montreal Proto­ col on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer” was adopted in 1987 to control the use and production of ozone-depleting substances. The mitigation commitments envisaged in the Protocol have been taken further over time (1990, 1992, 1997, 1999 and 2016). These updates include the control of new substances and the inclusion of addition­ al measures. With 196 countries party to the Montreal Protocol, it is recognised as the most successful multilateral agreement on the envi­ ronment. In 1990, the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol (MLF) was also established in London with contri­ butions from developed countries. The 28th International Convention on the Environment was held in Kigali from October 10 to 15, 2016. At the Meeting of the Parties (MOP 28) and MOP 29 held between 20- 24 November 2017, new decisions were taken and some amendments were made to the convention. Following ratification by 65 parties to the Montreal Protocol, the amendment entered into force on January 1, 2019. Türkiye, which became a party to the Montreal Protocol on De­ cember 19, 1991, and accepted all amendments to the text, is among the successful countries in the implementation of the Protocol. 97 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS This model for the ozone layer has set a precedent for the climate change regime. In this context, the Montreal Protocol constitutes a turning point in the establishment of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In 1988 and 1989, the United Nations General Assembly, noting that climate change is an issue of concern to all humanity, called on governments, international organisations and non-governmental organisations to cooperate to prepare a framework convention on climate change. The draft Framework Convention on Climate Change, produced following the studies, was presented at the Rio Earth Summit in June 1992. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was enacted in 1992 as the foundation for a global response to the threat of climate change. The Convention came into force on March 21, 1994. With 196 parties, the Convention has nearly attained universal participation. The Conven­ tion’s ultimate goal is to limit greenhouse gas accumulations in the atmosphere to a level that prevents hazardous anthropogenic effects on the climate system. As a framework convention, the UNFCCC es­ tablishes general norms, principles, and obligations. The Convention recognises that the climate system is a shared asset whose integrity can be jeopardised by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emis­ sions, particularly those from industry and other sectors. The 34th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP 34) was held in Montreal, Canada, between October 31 and November 4, 2022. The meeting passed 24 resolutions, including ones on illicit im­ ports of refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps, as well as data collection to estimate the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hydrofluorocarbon consumption in developing nations. Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the 3rd Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC held in Kyoto in December 1997. The Protocol shares the goals and institutions of the UNFCCC. However, the most significant difference between the two accords is the legal nature of the obliga­ tions they regulate. While the Convention defined a non-binding ob­ ligation for industrialised countries to stabilise their greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol imposed binding greenhouse gas emission limitation and reduction obligations on industrialised country par­ ties. The specific implementation procedures required to prepare the Protocol for ratification and implementation by governments were ad­ opted during the 7th Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh in 2001. 98 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY These rules, called the ‘Marrakesh Accords,’ were approved at the 1st Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol in 2005. As of May 2010, 191 countries and the European Union were parties to the Kyoto Protocol, which entered into force on February 16, 2005. The Protocol, which followed the Convention’s separation of obligations between the par­ ties in accordance with the “concept of common but differentiated re­ sponsibilities,” put enforceable emission reduction commitments on developed countries and burdened them more. The Bali Road Map, formed as a result of the 13th Conference of the Parties held in Bali in 2007, was a significant milestone in determin­ ing climate policies in the post-Kyoto phase. Subsequently, the par­ ties, who were unable to agree on the second commitment period at the 15th Conference of the Parties in Copenhagen in 2009, reached an agreement at the 18th Conference of the Parties in Doha in 2012 and resolved to extend the Protocol through 2020. Thus, the second com­ mitment period was set as 2013-2020. With the “Doha Amendment,” which constitutes the second commit­ ment period of the Protocol, it was agreed that the parties listed in An­ nex B would reduce their emissions by at least 18% in 2020 compared to 1990, unlike the first commitment period. As of December 10, 2019, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, which requires 144 sig­ natory countries to enter into force, had been adopted by 135 countries so had not yet entered into force. The United States, Japan, Russia and New Zealand did not take part in the second commitment period. In this setting, the fight against climate change has been limited to the EU’s and few small developed countries’ efforts to reduce emissions. Türkiye’s becoming a party to the Kyoto Protocol It was adopted at the 3rd Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC held in Kyoto in December 1997. The Protocol shares the goals and institutions of the Convention. How­ ever, the most significant difference between the two accords is the legal nature of the obligations they regulate. While the Convention defined a non-binding obligation for industrialised countries to stabilise their greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol imposed binding greenhouse gas emission limitation and reduction obligations on industrialised country parties. The specific implementation procedures required to prepare the Protocol for ratification and implementation by govern­ ments were adopted during the 7th Conference of the Parties in Mar­ 99 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS rakesh in 2001. These rules, called the ‘Marrakesh Accords,’ were ap­ proved at the 1st Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol in 2005. As of May 2010, 191 countries and the European Union were parties to the Kyoto Protocol, which entered into force on February 16, 2005. Türkiye became a party to the Kyoto Protocol on August 26, 2009 fol­ lowing the adoption of Law No. 5386 on the Ratification of the Kyo­ to Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye on February 5, 2009. Türkiye was not a party to the UNFCCC at the time the Protocol was established, hence, it was not included in the Protocol’s Annex B list, which establishes Annex I states’ quantifiable emission limitation or reduction obligations. As a result, Türkiye does not have any quan­ tifiable emission limitation or reduction obligations under the Proto­ col’s first commitment period, which runs from 2008 to 2012. Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement, which sets the framework for the post-2020 cli­ mate change regime, was adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC held in Paris in 2015. The Agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016, having met the condition that at least 55 par­ ties, accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions, ratify the agreement by October 5, 2016. The Paris Agreement stands apart from the UNFCCC in that it envisions a system based on all countries’ contributions. The Agreement is found­ ed on the developed/developing nation classification and the concept that all countries have responsibility for tackling climate change under the principle of “common but differentiated obligations and respective capabilities.” No criteria have been set for the classification of developed/ developing countries, and no differentiation has been made. The Paris Agreement aims to strengthen global socioeconomic resil­ ience against the climate change threat in the period following 2020. The long-term goal of the Paris Agreement is to keep the global temperature rise under 2°C as far as possible compared to the pre-industrial period. This goal requires a gradual reduction in the use of fossil fuels (oil, coal) and a shift towards renewable energy. In the context of combating cli­ mate change, the Agreement established a framework to determine the implementation procedures for national contributions, mitigation, ad­ aptation, loss/damage, financing, technology development and transfer, capacity building, transparency, and status evaluation. 100 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY The Agreement envisions that developed countries will primarily pro­ vide developing countries in need, particularly least developed coun­ tries and small island states, with financing, technology transfer and capacity building opportunities with the aim of increasing the adap­ tation and resilience capacities of countries exposed to the adverse effects of climate change along with increasing their greenhouse gas reduction capacities. The UNFCCC COP22 held in Marrakesh between November 7-18, 2016, being the first conference of the parties after the entry into force of the Paris Agreement, was named the “Conference of Action.” As an outcome of the meeting, the implementation parameters of the Paris Agreement were expected to be finalised in 2018 at the latest. For the 2017-2020 period, the “Marrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Ac­ tion” was launched and the “Marrakesh Action Proclamation for our Climate and Sustainable Development” was endorsed. UNFCCC COP23 was held in Bonn on behalf of the Office of the Presi­ dent of Fiji between November 6-17, 2017, and COP24 was held in Kato­ wice between December 2-15, 2018. At COP24, the “Rule Book,” which includes the guidelines on how to implement the Paris Agreement, was adopted. COP25 was held in Madrid under the chairmanship of Chile between December 2-15, 2019. With the European Green Deal announced towards the end of 2019, the European Union (EU) announced that it will adopt a new growth strategy that requires the transformation of its industry and reshape all its policies around climate change, while setting the goal of becom­ ing the first climate-neutral continent in 2050. The European Union (EU), which is known for showing diligence to en­ vironmental and social sustainability topics such as combating climate change, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and use of renewable energy since the 1990s, furthered this diligence a step forward in No­ vember 2019 by presenting the European Green Deal, which is a pack­ age of initiatives that is a commitment that the Union will take rigid and assertive steps on the subjects of environment and sustainability. Türkiye’s Paris Agreement Process The Paris Agreement is deemed a more realistic agreement that envis­ ages a system based on the contributions of all countries within the framework of the efforts to keep the global warming level at 1.5°C or 101 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS below 2°C, which failed to be realised with prior conventions and proto­ cols. The Paris Agreement aims to foster the implementation of UNFC­ CC in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. It should be emphasised that Türkiye has been a follower of these crucial goals from the very beginning, has contributed to the pro­ cess along with being the party that has taken a positive approach at all times and continued negotiations, especially within the scope of the Paris Climate Agreement on the subject of climate change. Tür­ kiye signed the Paris Agreement on April 22, 2016, at the High-Level Signing Ceremony in New York, together with 175 country represen­ tatives. However, due to Türkiye’s objections to the unfairness of the obligations part, the ratification process of the agreement in the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye could not be initiated. The Law on the Approval of the Paris Agreement was adopted by the General Assem­ bly of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye and entered into force after being published in the Official Gazette dated October 7, 2021 and numbered 31621. In these years that the Paris Agreement remained unapproved, Türkiye took important steps to lay the foundations of transforming into an en­ vironment-friendly country. As a result of these steps, total greenhouse gas emissions amounted to the equivalent of 506.1 Mt CO2 in 2019. At the Ministerial Session held on November 15-16, 2022 within the scope of COP 27, Murat Kurum, Minister of Environment, Urbanisa­ tion and Climate Change of the Republic of Türkiye, announced that the previous mitigation target (Nationally Determined Contribution/ NDC) of up to 21% by 2030, declared by Türkiye, is updated and in­ creased to 41%; thus, approximately 500 million tonnes of emission re­ ductions will be achieved by 2030 and peak emissions will be reached in 2038 at the latest. Türkiye’s Process of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change The COP is the United Nations’ annual conference on climate change. The COP, which stands for Conference of the Parties, is a meeting held by United Nations member states to assess progress in combating cli­ mate change and plan for climate action within the guidelines of the UNFCCC. The official name of the meetings is the Conference of the Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, or the United Nations Climate Change Conference. 102 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY The UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Confer­ ence), held in Rio de Janeiro between June 3-14, 1992, was an import­ ant step towards the adoption of a set of principles for nations to adopt forms of governance sensitive to the environment. The UN Frame­ work Convention on Climate Change was opened for signature at this conference. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is recognised as the first and most import­ ant step taken on the international stage regarding climate change, is an agreement that entered into force in 1994 and to which 197 coun­ tries are parties at present. It would be fair to say that this structure underpins both the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. The UNFCCC encourages signatory countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, cooperate on research and technology, and preserve greenhouse gas sinks (e.g. forests, oceans, lakes). The Convention is based on the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” by taking into account countries’ respec­ tive development priorities and special circumstances, in order to re­ duce greenhouse gas emissions. The Convention rests on the fact that some countries need to take more responsibility in reducing greenhouse gas emissions since they have been emitting more greenhouse gases that cause climate change than others since the Industrial Revolution. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” envisag­ es countries contributing to this global effort in accordance with their socio-economic circumstances. In this regard, the Convention divides countries into three categories based on their respective obligations. In basic terms, Annex-I countries are those that are obligated to take measures and have obligations, whereas Annex-II countries are those that are obliged to provide support to other countries in addition to the obligations they assume in the first category. Non-Annex Countries are those that are encouraged but not bound by a specific obligation. Türkiye occupies a unique position in the UNFCCC negotiations. Tür­ kiye, as an OECD member, was included in the Annex-I and Annex-II lists of the Convention, along with developed countries, when the UN­ FCCC was adopted in 1992. With the Decision 26/CP.7 adopted at the Seventh session of the Conference of the Parties (COP7) in Marrakesh in 2001, Türkiye’s distinct status among other Annex-I Parties was recognised, and its name was removed from the Annex-II list of the 103 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS UNFCCC but remained on the Annex-I list. Considering its historical responsibility, level of economic development, technological accu­ mulation, human development index, vulnerable country status, and similar indicators, Marrakesh Decision No. 26/CP.7, which places Türkiye in a different position from other Annex-I countries due to its special circumstances, is of great importance. The decision to remove Türkiye from the UNFCCC’s Annex-II list was adopted during the 7th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP7) in Marrakesh (2001). Furthermore, the decision calls for Türkiye to remain on the Annex-I list and other parties to recognise Türkiye’s special circumstances, em­ phasising that Türkiye is in a situation different from other Annex-I parties. Türkiye became the 189th party to the UNFCCC on May 24, 2004. Türkiye is the only country in Annex-I that is not a transition economy and whose “special circumstances” have been recognised by the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. 104 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Conference Name Conference Date and Location Relevance / Brief Description COP 1 March 28-April 7, 1995 Berlin, Germany At the Conference, signatory countries agreed to meet regularly every year to closely monitor global warming and the need to reduce emis­ sions of harmful gases. COP 2 July 8-19, 1996 Geneva On July 18, 1996, the Ministerial Declaration was drafted but not adopted by the ministers attending the Conference. COP 3 December 1997 Kyoto, Japan The Kyoto Protocol was adopted. COP 4 November 1998 Buenos Aires, Argentina A 2-year “Action Plan” was adopted to address global warming. COP 5 October 5-November 5, 1999 Bonn, Germany The conference was a technical meeting and did not yield any concrete outputs or results. COP 6 / COP6bis November 13-25, 2000 The Hague, Netherlands July 17-27, 2001 Bonn, Germany COP 6 kicked off in The Hague and was inter­ rupted as political discussions on key issues such as carbon reductions, financial aid, and commitments escalated into negotiations. COP 6bis, a continuation of the interrupted COP 6, was held in Bonn the following year. Before COP 6bis, President W. Bush of the US rejected the Kyoto Protocol, and following the observer status of the US, an agreement was reached on many issues such as carbon reductions, financ­ ing and harmonisation. COP 7 October 29-November 10, 2001 Marrakesh, Morocco At COP 7, participants laid the groundwork for countries to ratify the Kyoto Protocol by com­ pleting their work on the Action Plan prepared in Buenos Aires and finalising most of the operational details. This package of decisions is known as the Marrakesh Accords. The US del­ egation refused to actively participate in these negotiations and maintained its observer role. COP 8 October 23-November 1, 2002 New Delhi, India The Delhi Ministerial Declaration was adopted. The New Delhi work programme was adopted with regard to Article 6 of the Convention. Rus­ sia’s reservations regarding the Kyoto Protocol and its demand for an extended period of time affected this conference. COP 9 December 1-12, 2003 Milan, Italy. At this conference, it was determined that the Adaptation Fund, established in 2001, should be used primarily to assist developing countries in more effectively adapting to climate change and that the fund should also be used for ca­ pacity building through technology transfer. COP 10 December 6-17, 2004 Buenos Aires, Argentina At COP 10, the progress and future challenges of the first Conference of the Parties were discussed. The Buenos Aires Plan of Action was adopted to enable developing countries to better adapt to climate change. COP 11 November 28-December 9, 2005 Montreal, Canada It was the most attended intergovernmental climate conference since the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997. The Montreal Action Plan was adopted and recognised as a roadmap for the coming years. Historical Process of the Conference of the Parties 105 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS COP 12 November 6-17, 2006 Nairobi, Kenya The Nairobi Conference was centred on moving forward with adaptation, increasing the equity and accessibility of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), reviewing the mandate of the Expert Group on Technology Transfer (EGTT), and maintaining the momentum gained in dis­ cussions on the post-2012 climate regime. COP 13 December 3-17, 2007 Bali, Indonesia At this conference, the Bali Roadmap was developed. This study sets out a timetable for negotiations to establish a new international agreement covering all countries and intended to replace the Kyoto Protocol. COP 14 December 1 - 12, 2008 Poznan, Poland Delegates attending the conference agreed on the funding and principles of a fund to help poor countries overcome the impacts of climate change. It is also noted that negotiations on the post-Kyoto Protocol are underway. COP 15 December 7-18, 2009 Copenhagen, Denmark At this conference, the goal of keeping global warming below 2°C was approved, and a com­ mitment was made from developed countries to finance developing countries in the long term. COP 16 November 28 - December 10, 2010 Cancún, Mexico At this conference, the Cancún Agreements (Decision: 1/CP.16) were adopted (UNFCCC, 2010). At the international level, the agreement aims to limit the global temperature rise to 2°C and, in particular, to measurably reduce green­ house gas emissions through national plans prepared under common but differentiated responsibilities and capacities. In addition, the “Green Climate Fund” was established to sup­ port climate action in developing countries. COP 17 November 28 - December 9, 2011 Durban, South Africa At this conference, the USA and Brazil, as well as developing countries such as China, India, and South Africa, agreed to start reducing emissions across the board. In addition, it was also at this conference that it was decided to negotiate a global agreement to enter into force in 2020. COP 18 November 26 - December 7, 2012 Doha, Qatar The “Doha Climate Gateway” was concluded at this conference. The amendments to the Kyoto Protocol for the 2nd commitment period and the entry into force of the new commitment period covering the years 2013-2020, the transfer of allocated units to the new commitment period and the determination of the terms of use, and the con­ clusion of the Long-Term Cooperation Negotia­ tion Line (AWG-LCA), which opened in Bali in 2007, were all carried out at this meeting. It was also at this conference that expressions related to loss and damage were formalised for the first time in conference documents. COP 19 November 11-23, 2013 Warsaw, Poland It can be said that the negotiations organised within the framework of this conference focused on the implementation of the agree­ ments reached at previous meetings. The parties also agreed to establish the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) on loss and damage. COP 20 December 1-12, 2014 Lima, Peru For the first time, all countries agreed to de­ velop and share their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at this conference. 106 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY COP 21 November 30 – December 12, 2015 Paris, France The Paris Agreement, which sets the frame­ work for the post-2020 climate change regime, was adopted. The agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016, having met the condition that at least 55 parties, accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions, ratify the agreement by October 5, 2016. COP 22 November 7-18, 2016 Marrakesh, Morocco The Conference successfully demonstrated to the world that the implementation of the Paris Agreement is underway and that the constructive spirit of multilateral cooperation on climate change continues. The importance of inter-country dialogue and cooperation in the fight against climate change has been demonstrated. It is also called the “Conference of Action” as it is the first conference held after the entry into force of the Paris Agreement. COP 23 November 6-17, 2017 Bonn, Germany This conference discussed in detail how the Paris Agreement would work in practice. In addition, communication channels were estab­ lished for countries to share their experiences and good practices in order to achieve the goals set in the Paris Agreement. COP 24 December 3-14, 2018 Katowice, Poland The conference was guided by a report pub­ lished by the IPCC just before the conference began, outlining the impacts of a 1.5°C increase in global temperature. While the conference addressed the urgency of reducing pollutant emissions, it did not include an action plan in the agreed texts. COP 25 December 2-13, 2019 Madrid, Spain At COP 25, the ongoing blockade was lifted by recognising that developing countries need support to overcome the losses and damages caused by the climate crisis. In this framework, the first step was to include loss and damage items under the UNFCCC financial structure. A “Gender Action Plan” and a work plan for the “Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform” were approved. COP 26 October 1 – November 13, 2021 Glasgow, Scotland Important objectives such as reducing the use of fossil fuels, reducing carbon emissions to­ wards net zero, and ending deforestation were agreed on. COP 27 November 6-18, 2022 Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt While the agenda of COP 27 was intense, much emphasis was placed on the issue of ‘financing loss and damage’ and strengthening ‘Nationally Determined Contributions (NCDs).’ COP 28 November 30 – December 12, 2023 Dubai, The United Arab Emirates In the framework of COP 28, the latest Global Stocktake requested countries to triple their renewable energy capacity, double energy effi­ ciency, phase out coal power, and reduce fossil fuel subsidies by 2030. Also, among the other goals of the conference was raising the financial aid for poor countries to combat the climate crisis by 2030. COP 29 COP 29 is planned to be held in Baku between November 11-22, 2024. COP29 is envisaged to be a platform for taking important steps in the energy transition. 107 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS No Abbreviations Name Date Location Entry into Force Date Date of Türkiye Signing 1 Vienna Convention Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985 Vienna 1988 1991 2 The Montreal Proto­ col on Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1987 Montreal 1989 1991 3 UNFCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 Rio de Janeiro 1994 2004 4 KP Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Fra­ mework Convention on Climate Change 1997 Kyoto 2005 2009 5 CBD Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 Rio de Janeiro 1993 1996 6 Cartagena Protocol Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Con­ vention on Biological Diversity 2000 Cartagena 2003 2004 7 UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat De­ sertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Parti­ cularly in Africa 1994 Paris 1996 1998 8 CITES Convention on International Trade in Endan­ gered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1973 Washington 2007 1996 9 Ramsar Convention on Wetlandsof International Im­ portance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat 1971 Ramsar 1975 1994 10 Barcelona Conven­ tion Convention for the Protection of the Mediter­ ranean Sea Against Pollution 1971 Barcelona 2004 2002 11 Dumping Protocol Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft or Incineration at Sea Ramsar Barcelona Yet to go into effect. The protocol was ratified by Türkiye in 2002. 12 Hazardous Wastes Protocol Protocol on the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1975 İzmir 2008 2004 13 LBS Protocol Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterra­ nean Sea Against Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities 1994 Madrid 2008 2002 14 Prevention and Emergency Protocol Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Comba­ ting Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency 1996 Malta 2004 2003 15 SPA/BD Protocol Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean 2002 Barcelona 1999 2002 16 Bucharest Conven­ tion Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution 1995 Bucharest 1994 1994 17 LBS Protocol Protocol on the Protection of the Black Sea Marine Environment against Pollution from Land-Based Sources 1992 Bucharest 1994 1994 18 Emergency Protocol Protocol on Cooperation in Combating Pollu­ tion of the Black Sea Marine Environment by Oil and other Harmful Substances in Emer­ gency Situations 1992 Bucharest 1994 1994 19 Dumping Protocol Protocol on The Protection of the Black Sea Marine Environment Against Pollution by Dumping 1992 Bucharest 1994 1994 20 Biodiversity and Landscape Conser­ vation Protocol The Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Protocol to the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution 2002 Sofia 2004 2004 Major Environmental Agreements to which Türkiye is a Party 108 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 21 Basel Convention Basel Convention on the Control of Trans­ boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989 Basel 1992 1994 22 The BAN Amend­ ment Amendment to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1995 Geneva Yet to go into effect. The protocol was ratified by our country in 2003. 23 Stockholm Conven­ tion The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2001 Stockholm 2004 2009 24 CLRTAP Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 1979 1983 1983 25 The EMEP Protocol Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-ran­ ge Transboundary Air Pollution on Long- Term Financing of Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) 1984 Geneva 1988 1985 26 Bern Convention Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats 1979 Bern 1982 1984 27 ICCAT International Convention for the Conservati­ on of Atlantic Tunas 1966 Rio de Janeiro 1969 2003 28 The European Landscape Convention 2000 Florence 2004 2003 29 The Antarctic Treaty 1959 Washington 1961 1996 30 Madrid Protocol Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty 1991 Madrid 1998 2017 109 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS Environment-Related International Agreements and Conventions to which Türkiye is a Party » Antarctic Treaty » Agreement concerning Türkiye’s participation in the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network » Barcelona Convention » Basel Convention » United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification » Bucharest Convention » United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) » Kyoto Protocol » Minamata Convention » Paris Agreement » Rotterdam Convention » Stockholm Convention Antarctic Treaty The Antarctic Treaty, which was signed in 1959 and ratified by Türkiye in 1995, designated Antarctica as a natural reserve, devoted to peace and science. In this vein, Antarctica is the sole land and marine area devoted to the greater good of humanity. 53 countries are currently signatories to the Treaty. Agreement concerning Türkiye’s participation in the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network The EEA was officially established in 1990 and operations began in 1994, with Copenhagen serving as its official headquarters. The EEA is the inaugural European agency founded by candidate and mem­ ber countries to be available for membership. The EEA is a European Union (EU) agency tasked with providing sound, independent infor­ mation on the environment. It serves as a critical source of information 110 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY for the public and professionals involved in the formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation of environmental policies. Türkiye became a member of the European Environment Agency (EEA) on 1 May 2003 with the “Agreement on the Participation of the Republic of Türkiye in the European Environment Agency and the Eu­ ropean Information and Observation Network.” Barcelona Convention Historically, protection of the Mediterranean as one of the priority tar­ gets was included in the “Regional Seas Program” established by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1974, with the participation of the riparian countries of the Mediterranean Sea and the EU, which was followed by the creation of the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) in 1975. The “Convention on the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution” (Barcelona Convention) was adopted in Barcelona in 1976 and entered into force in 1978. In accordance with the decisions taken at the UN Environment and Development Summit (1992), the Barcelona Convention was revised to include coastal areas as well as the marine environment, while sus­ tainable development, increased public participation, and environ­ mental impact assessment were also integrated. The revised Conven­ tion was renamed “The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean” which en­ tered into force in 2004. Türkiye became a party to the Convention in 2002, in addition to 21 countries and the EU. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, which was adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1992, is designed to remove the dangers associated with the transboundary movement, disposal, and recycling of hazard­ ous and other wastes. The Convention places a strong emphasis on the movement of waste from industrialised nations to developing nations. The Basel Convention mandates a prior notice before the transfer of waste between the nations that are parties to the convention. Accord­ ing to the Basel Conventions, for a transboundary movement to be le­ gal, the exporting state is required to obtain written consent regarding the transportation from the importing state. In this framework, state 111 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS parties to this convention reserve the right to ban the export and im­ port of hazardous or other types of waste. There are 53 signatories and 183 nations party to the Convention to date. Türkiye signed the Convention on May 22, 1989, and became a party on June 22, 1994. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification The UN Convention to Combat Desertification was adopted in Paris on June 17, 1994. The Convention was signed by 115 countries and en­ tered into force on December 26, 1996. As of 2018, 197 countries and the European Union are parties to the Convention. Türkiye became a party to the Convention on February 11, 1998. The Convention, which consists of 40 articles, envisions a joint action to identify and find solutions for the issue of desertification, especially with reference to the desertification seen in African countries, and cat­ egorises countries in 5 different Annexes. Since joining the Convention, Türkiye has been actively involved in the work on Annex IV of the Convention, titled “Regional Implemen­ tation Annex for the Northern Mediterranean” (Türkiye, Croatia, Cy­ prus, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Malta, Portugal, and Slovenia). Bucharest Convention The (Bucharest) Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution was signed on April 21, 1992, by all six legislative assem­ blies of the Black Sea countries (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Türkiye) to prevent the pollution from land, marine ves­ sels, and atmosphere-based sources in the Black Sea. The Convention is implemented by the Black Sea Commission, an executive body with high-level representatives (commissioners) of the Contracting Parties, and coordination between the countries is carried out by the Black Sea Permanent Secretariat in Istanbul. The “Black Sea Strategic Action Plan (BSSAP) on the Rehabilitation and the Protection of the Black Sea” was ratified at the Conference of the Ministers held in Istanbul on October 30-31, 1996, following this Convention. With the ratification, countries are obliged to fulfil the ac­ tivities specified under the BSSAP programme. The Black Sea Strate­ gic Action Plan is a crucial plan for the improvement and protection of the Black Sea and was adopted by the six Black Sea littoral countries 112 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY at the Conference of the Ministers of the Environment held in Istanbul on October 30-31, 1996. The date that this crucial plan was signed by the six Black Sea countries, October 31, was recognised as the Interna­ tional Black Sea Day. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The UNFCCC, opened for signature at the UN Conference on Environ­ ment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, is the first and most significant step taken in the international arena against the im­ pacts of global warming on the climate caused by human-related ac­ tivities that was set forward in 1988 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), jointly organised by the UN Environment Pro­ gramme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). 196 countries, including Türkiye, as well as the European Union (EU), are parties to the Convention, which entered into force on March 21, 1994. Türkiye acceded to the Convention on May 24, 2004. The Convention rests on the fact that some countries need to take more responsibility in reducing greenhouse gas emissions since they have been emitting more greenhouse gases that cause climate change than others since the Industrial Revolution. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” envis­ ages countries contributing to this global effort in accordance with their socio-economic circumstances. As a result of the negotiations held at the COP17 in Durban in 2011, a de­ cision was made to continue talks on Türkiye’s special conditions regard­ ing the reduction in emissions, climate change adaptation, technological development and transfer, capacity building, and determining the mo­ dalities of support to be provided to Türkiye in terms of financing. Minamata Convention Mercury poisoning incidents in Minamata, Japan, in the mid-twenti­ eth century caused mercury and mercury compounds, and its related waste became a prominent issue on the global agenda. Thus, the “Mi­ namata Convention on Mercury” was developed under the leadership of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) to contribute to efforts to prevent mercury-related environmental pollution on a global scale. 113 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS The Convention was open for signatures in Kumamoto, Japan, from October 10 to 11, 2013, and then at the UN Headquarters in New York until October 9, 2014. The Minamata Convention was signed by Tür­ kiye on September 24, 2014, during the “High-Level Event” hosted by Japan, Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay as a part of the commencement of the general negotiations of the 69th United Na­ tions General Assembly. Rotterdam Convention (on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure in International Trade in Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides) “Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure in In­ ternational Trade in Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides” obli­ gates to send a notice to the importing country regarding the export of dangerous substances or groups of substances prohibited or limited for the protection of the environment and human health, within the frame­ work of certain rules governing the export of the aforementioned sub­ stances, and to establish a system where these notices will be transferred. The Convention was signed by Türkiye on September 11, 1998, and of­ ficially entered into force on December 20, 2017 for Türkiye. 114 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 115 Environmental Diplomacy Chapter V ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY 117 Environmental Diplomacy The necessity for states to make joint decisions on environmental and climate issues has given rise to environmental diplomacy. This field, which examines environmental problems and seeks their resolution, is a high-risk area of work with potentially critical outcomes. As civili­ sation has advanced over the years, production has seen an enormous increase in speed, quality, variety, and volume. Consequently, exces­ sive consumption habits have grown year by year. The realisation that the global rise in production and consumption could endanger future generations in the long run has led states, societies, and individuals to seek ways to mitigate this problem. In this context, the concept of sustainable development, which expresses development in harmony with nature, has emerged. Sustainable development is a concept that emerged in the third quarter of the 20th century as a result of efforts to mitigate the negative impacts of rising living standards while promot­ ing progress. This concept is closely linked to economic, ecological, and social elements. Problems such as climate change, global warm­ ing, the degradation of natural life, and the disruption of biological balance affect not just a single country but entire societies and nations worldwide. Therefore, solving these kinds of problems requires the cooperation of all countries. Environmental diplomacy, carried out as part of this collaboration, refers to the international contacts aimed at putting the theoretical framework of sustainable development into practice at the governmental level. Environmental diplomacy enables states to take and regulate measures on environmental and climate Environmental Diplomacy 118 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY issues and to impose sanctions on states that fail to fulfil their respon­ sibilities. These efforts encompass all types of environmental policies, from multilateral agreements to conflict resolution on environmental matters. States that may be reluctant to cooperate on security and po­ litical issues often prefer to engage in diplomacy on subjects such as the environment, which can positively influence the public opinion of other countries. Furthermore, even two countries alone may organise conferences and workshops to address their environmental concerns and sign agreements. This makes environmental diplomacy one of the best options for countries seeking to strengthen diplomatic ties. Initially, the term referred only to the diplomatic efforts of nation-states related to environmental concerns, but today, due to the complexity of climate and environmental issues and the involvement of different actors, it has become more comprehensive. Not only states but also non-governmental organisations participate in this field, which facil­ itates states’ prioritisation of environmental policies. These organisa­ tions also act as diplomatic tools. Globally, the rise in environmental awareness during the 1960s cul­ minated in the first major international initiative, the 1972 Stockholm Conference, known as the “United Nations Conference on the Human Environment.” Environmental issues, which have become one of the key topics on the global agenda, are now addressed through environ­ mental diplomacy in a much broader scope than mere protection, pol­ lution prevention, and rehabilitation efforts, which characterised the early stages. The current objectives include promoting environmen­ tally friendly policies, enforcing environmental standards, ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources, and achieving en­ vironmental justice. Environmental Diplomacy in Türkiye Türkiye is a signatory to international agreements aimed at solving global issues like the climate crisis and calls for a collective struggle by all nations to address these challenges. While closely monitoring inter­ national treaties and processes, Türkiye is working to implement its own vision in areas such as the green economy, sustainable develop­ ment, and renewable energy. The country has adopted a sustainable, inclusive, balanced, and eco-friendly development approach, which it believes will reduce regional and social inequalities in national income. 119 Environmental Diplomacy One aspect of environmental diplomacy is raising national awareness of environmental issues. Increasing the intellectual capacity of the country on these matters can provide a sound vision for the diplomatic process on the international stage. In this context, initiatives aimed at protecting the environment, promoting sustainable economic develop­ ment, reducing the harmful impacts of production and consumption chains, and enriching society’s perspective on social issues are seen as catalysts for successful environmental diplomacy. Although the num­ ber is limited, Türkiye has notable examples of successful projects serving the goal of sustainability. For nearly 30 years, various govern­ ment-supported programs and private initiatives have been organizing activities with both regional and national targets. Additionally, there are initiatives focused on society’s culture and the environment. Environmental diplomacy, while seeking solutions to global and re­ gional problems, may at times conflict with domestic priorities and face obstacles due to pressure from interest groups. However, Türki­ ye has successfully balanced its internal priorities with the demands of various interest groups. Sustainable development is a crucial part of Türkiye’s long-term vision, and the country is taking strong steps toward achieving these goals. Collaborations with the industrial sec­ tor and the business world have contributed to reducing carbon emis­ sions, supporting the government’s determination in this area. Addi­ tionally, Türkiye aims to take on a leadership role in the global arena by developing new solutions and cooperation models for more effec­ tive international environmental diplomacy. Despite the challenges of environmental diplomacy, Türkiye sees great potential for public diplomacy in this field. Efforts to prioritise the envi­ ronment over other issues present an opportunity to create a positive in­ ternational image. Türkiye is taking significant steps toward becoming a leading country in environmental diplomacy by expanding its glob­ al diplomatic network and finding solutions to major environmental problems. The key point here is not to be a perfect example in environ­ mental and climate matters but rather to be a country that makes the greatest efforts and contributes to reducing environmental concerns. Environmental issues inherently require scientific expertise. In this regard, on May 29, 2021, the Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TÜDAV), in cooperation with the United Nations Development Pro­ gramme (UNDP), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and the 120 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Small Grants Programme (SGP) of Türkiye, held an online workshop on Environmental Diplomacy and Türkiye. The workshop, which at­ tracted great interest and featured prominent experts from various environmental themes, discussed topics ranging from climate change to marine biodiversity. It also addressed Türkiye’s participation in in­ ternational cooperation mechanisms on these issues and increasing public awareness of environmental concerns. Established in 1973, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is regarded as a cornerstone of environmental diplomacy and serves as an organising body for efforts related to the environment. Following UNEP’s founding, global contact on these issues intensified. Türkiye’s ambassador in Nairobi also serves as the Permanent Rep­ resentative to UNEP, representing Türkiye on UNEP’s Committee of Permanent Representatives. The Ministry of Environment, Urbaniza­ tion, and Climate Change coordinates the issues outlined in UNEP’s mission at the national level. Türkiye provides regular financial sup­ port to UNEP’s Environment Fund, which operates on a voluntary ba­ sis. Türkiye contributed USD 125.000 in 2007, USD 250.000 in 2008 and 2009 and USD 300.000 in 2010 to the UNEP Environment Fund. Türkiye participates in UNEP’s activities by following the multilater­ al environmental conventions to which UNEP provides Secretariat services, such as the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. In line with its commitments under these agreements, Tür­ kiye prepares sectoral action plans and strategies. Periodically, delega­ tions chaired by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Cli­ mate Change participate in UNEP’s governing council sessions, where key decisions that shape international environmental policy and law are made. Türkiye’s representation in these meetings is crucial to in­ fluencing these processes. Türkiye has not spearheaded any particular initiative or event at UNEP. However, it has occasionally participated in UNEP’s activities and become one of the top three countries in tree planting as part of UNEP’s “The Billion Tree Campaign.” 121 Environmental Diplomacy While following up on international agreements and procedures, Tür­ kiye is striving to create and implement its vision in areas such as the green economy, sustainable development, and renewable energy. The country adopts a sustainable, inclusive, balanced, and eco-friendly development approach, believing that this will reduce regional and social inequalities in national income. One of the most significant projects in this regard is the Zero Waste Project, which was launched on July 12, 2017, and has raised significant awareness among all stake­ holders in waste management. The Zero Waste initiatives, led by First Lady Emine Erdoğan, have paved the way for substantial steps in Türkiye’s green transition. This project has made significant prog­ ress in conserving natural resources and advancing the transition to a circular economy. Public institutions have taken a leading role in this transformation, making structural changes and providing training on zero waste. Public awareness campaigns have also been conduct­ ed through public service announcements and other communication channels to help society adapt to this transformation. Türkiye’s Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) supports the Zero Waste Project by broadcasting news and programs aimed at reaching a wider audience. With Zero Waste Project 703 million 711 million 82 million cubic meters of storage space kilowatt-hour energy cubic meters of water With the implementation of the project the amount of savings achieved is as follows: 96 BILLION LIRAS economic gain achieved 4.9 MILLION TON greenhouse gas emissions prevented 432 MILLION trees saved from being cut down Target Target RECOVERY RATE 122 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry launched the first Water Council in 2021 as part of Türkiye’s environmental diplomacy efforts. The Council aimed to develop short-, medium-, and long-term stra­ tegies for water management. The Council, comprising 11 working groups, sought to determine water management policies through col­ laboration with all stakeholders. Approximately 130 academics from 56 universities, along with representatives from relevant government institutions, non-governmental organisations, municipalities, and water users, participated. The final declaration of the Council, which involved contributions from 1,631 participants over seven months, is regarded as an important document addressing issues such as civili­ sation, agriculture, food, and clean energy. In 2022, a book titled “The World, Our Common Home “, spearheaded by First Lady Emine Erdoğan, was published to raise awareness of environmental issues. It provided a platform where the First Lady Emine Erdoğan shared her personal environmental story for the first time. 3. ZERO WASTE SUMMIT, ISTANBUL 123 Environmental Diplomacy The “Environmental Editorial Unit,” established by Anadolu Agency, produces special reports on environmental and climate change issues to raise public awareness. The unit, named “Greenline,” continues its activities to contribute to the struggle for a more liveable world throu­ gh interviews with experts on the subject. Another initiative launched in Türkiye to encourage the efficient and sustainable use of water resources is the “Water Efficiency Campaign.” This initiative, which was launched on January 31, 2023, under the auspices of First Lady Emine Erdoğan and in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s Directorate General of Water Management, aims to promote water efficiency, increase knowledge and technology, implement action plans, and establish the necessary legal infrastructure. August in Türkiye was 1.3 degrees warmer than previous years. Climate Change greenline Green Economy Zero Waste Environmental Stories Green Dictionary Othe World Bank approves $6.39 million grant to reduce pollution in the Black Sea In Edirne, measures taken in rivers against drought will prevent a drop in rice yield. The cause of the worldwide seismic mystery in 2023 turned out to be the ' mega tsunami' in Greenland In Muğla, 1400 hectares of agricultural land was damaged in 385 fires this year Forest villagers in Mersin generate their own electricity with solar energy. 124 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY In 2022, a presidential decree established “Türkiye Environment Week”, to be celebrated annually around June 5th, World Environ­ ment Day. Various events are held across the country during this week. Highlights include environmental clean-up campaigns, cycling tours, stands displaying zero-waste and clean production technologies, tra­ ditional dance performances, presentations on climate change, and award ceremonies. Additionally, activities such as environmental education, awareness campaigns in mosques, tree-planting events, Water Efficiency Mobilization Under the leadership of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's wife Emine Erdogan and in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, “Water Efficiency Mobilization” was launched. WATER LOSS RATE PRECAUTIONS *Target Geografic information systems Establishing isolated sub- regions Use of remote sensing and automation Recording unregistered uses AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA (Liter) PRECAUTIONS PRECAUTIONS Product patterns will be planned in accordance with the water availability and drought conditions of the basins Modern irrigation methods will be used Training, information and awareness raising activities on water use will be accelerated Devices, equipment and materials will be developed for efficient water use *Target Transmission and distribution systems will be converted to closed systems Evaporation will be prevented with night irrigation practices 125 Environmental Diplomacy and exhibitions targeting all segments of society are organised. The­ se events actively involve government institutions, non-governmental organisations, academics, and volunteers. UNDERWATER CLEAN-UP BY DIVERS AS PART OF ‘PROTECT THE SEAS FOR THE FUTURE’ CAMPAIGN DURING TÜRKİYE ENVIRONMENT WEEK IN SAMSUN: ENVIRONMENTAL WALK AND UNDERWATER CLEAN-UP DURING TÜRKİYE ENVIRONMENT WEEK IN ORDU: 126 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY In line with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s “2053 Net Zero Emis­ sion and Green Transformation” goals, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change organised the “Environmental Festival” under the slogan “Everyone Has a World” at Ankara Nation’s Garden from June 6-9, 2024. The event featured activities to raise envi­ ronmental awareness among children, booths showcasing zero-waste and clean production technologies, successful environmental proje­ cts, talks by famous figures, climate tunnels, a book fair, workshops, and exhibitions. International Awards for Türkiye’s Environmental Policies Türkiye’s Zero Waste Movement has received numerous international awards and made a significant impact globally. These awards include: » The “Zero Waste, Zero Hunger Award” from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) in 2018, » The “Sustainable Development Goals Action Award” from the Uni­ ted Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2021, » The “ Waste Wise Cities Global Champion” award from the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (Habitat) in 2021, » The “Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean Award” (PAW Awards) in 2022, and » The “Climate and Development Leadership Award” from the Wor­ ld Bank in 2022. Additionally, in 2022, Türkiye signed the Global Commitment to Zero Waste with the United Nations to promote the global expansion of the Zero Waste Project, further increasing Türkiye’s global influence in this area. At a ceremony in Portugal in 2024, Minister of Environ­ ment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change Mehmet Özhaseki received the Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly Award and presented it to First Lady Emine Erdoğan at the Presidential Complex. These international recognitions and awards highlight the global suc­ cess of Türkiye’s environmental policies and the international impact of the Zero Waste Movement. 127 Environmental Diplomacy Environmental Diplomacy Activities of the Presidency’s Directorate of Communications The Presidency’s Directorate of Communications undertakes various activities within the framework of sustainable development aimed at achieving Türkiye’s simultaneous economic, social, and environmen­ tal progress. These activities include publishing books on environ­ mental protection, which are translated into multiple languages. Some of these publications include: » “Türkiye’s Green Development Initiative” » “Türkiye’s Zero Waste Journey for a Habitable World” » “Canal Istanbul in 50 Questions” The Directorate of Communications also organises international events on environmental protection. For example, on September 10, 2023, a roundtable discussion titled “Zero Waste: Building and Implementing a Green Future” was held during the G20 Leaders’ Summit in India. 128 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY In addition, in November 2021, during the 26th Conference of the Par­ ties (COP26) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Glasgow, Scotland, the Directorate organised a panel titled “Türkiye’s Green Development Strategy: An Inclusive, Sustainable, and Humanitarian Vision.” The panel addressed issues such as climate change, green development, sustainable development, zero waste, and environmental protection. 129 Environmental Diplomacy Another notable event focused on raising awareness of environmen­ tal and climate change issues is the International Strategic Commu­ nication Summit (Stratcom Summit), which has been held annually since 2021. This summit draws significant figures from international organisations, think tanks, universities, the media, and policymakers to engage in discussions on topics such as climate and environmental change, climate refugees, and disaster journalism. In December 2023, the Turkish Pavilion hosted various events coor­ dinated by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Clima­ te Change during the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. During the same period, the Directorate of Communications set up a stand at Dubai Expo City to showcase Türkiye’s environmental policies, waste management, renewable energy initiatives, and the Zero Waste Move­ ment led by First Lady Emine Erdoğan. These events provided impor­ tant platforms to promote Türkiye’s international efforts and achieve­ ments in the environmental field. 130 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 131 Zero Waste Movement Chapter VI ZERO WASTE MOVEMENT 133 Zero Waste Movement Zero Waste Movement in Türkiye The zero waste initiative, which has received numerous awards inter- nationally, was first implemented as a project in the Ministry of Envi- ronment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change in 2017. Later, the project was implemented at the Presidential Complex and, later, in the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye, both under the auspices of First Lady Emine Erdoğan, who provided all kinds of support to the process and turned the project into a movement. Then, an action plan was developed, along with a timetable, to spread the success of these implementations across the country. Simultane- ously, the necessary legislative arrangements have been made for the system to become operational. In this context, three major revisions to the Environmental Law have been made, while many sub-regula- tions have been made to provide a legal foundation for the system. 134 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Implementation Process of the Zero Waste Project Many elements have been put in place to promote the movement, which is valued in Türkiye almost as a vision. Incentives have been provided by allowing institutions, buildings, or local administrations to transition to the system as well, and zero waste certificates have been issued to those who have transitioned to the system according to their category. Zero Waste Advisory Board Established To promote local and national zero waste initiatives by sharing best practices and success stories, it was discussed and decided on April 12, 2023, to establish an advisory board within the scope of the powers and duties of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), consisting of eminent persons, based on voluntary contributions as well as knowledge and experience, taking gender balance and equitable geographical repre­ sentation into account, in consultation with member countries, and for a period of three years. 135 Zero Waste Movement Zero Waste Advisory Board The Zero Waste Advisory Board will be chaired by First Lady Emine Erdoğan, spouse of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The other mem- bers of the Advisory Board are as follows: » UN Under-Secretary-General for Policy Guy Bernard Ryder, » First Lady Melissa Santokhi-Seenacherry, lawyer and spouse of the President of Suriname, » First Lady Fatima Maada Bio, spouse of the President of Sierra Leone, known for tackling the health problems of African children and youth, » José Manuel Moller, Algramo’s Chief Executive Officer and Founder, has been appointed as Vice President and is working to expand reusable packaging systems globally, » Prof. Muhammad Yunus (Bangladesh), who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for his social and economic development studies, » Carlos Silva Filho (Brazil), President of the International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), » Laura Reyes (Colombia), Executive Director of CEMPRE (Circular Economy), 136 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY » Lara van Druten (Netherlands), Chief Executive Officer of the Waste Transformers, » Professor Saleem Ali (USA), Professor of Energy and Environ- ment at the University of Delaware, » Hakima el Haité (Morocco), Founder of Eau Globe, » Gino Van Begin (Belgium), Secretary General at the Local Govern- ments for Sustainability, » Professor Vijay Jagannathan (India), Secretary General at CityNet, an association of more than 140 urban partners committed to sus­ tainable development Information about the System The main purpose of the recycling process, which was initiated pri- marily by the Presidency, the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye, and the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change, is to collect separately all kinds of waste (organic, food waste, plastic, paper, metal, glass, batteries, vegetable waste oil, mineral oil, electri­ cal and electronic waste, etc.) generated in offices, cafeterias and oth­ er areas within the institutions to be valued in their own category, to create a temporary collection area for this purpose, and to deliver it to licenced companies authorised in the field to reintroduce them into the economy.) To this end, in-house training activities were organised. Separation units were placed in sufficient numbers and according to waste type in common areas throughout the organization, such as dining halls and corridors. The waste buckets were removed, a waste officer was assigned to each floor to monitor progress, and a chart was created to show the type and amount of waste generated each day. In addition, instead of disposable packaged water consumption or dis­ posable cups, dispensers were placed, particularly in the cafeteria sec­ tions, and multi-use bottles were distributed to the staff to accelerate the adoption of new habits. 137 Zero Waste Movement Examples of Water Bottles and Water Dispensers in Cafeterias and Collection Equipment Used in In-House Common Points 138 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY While the dry wastes that are separated according to their types are collected in the temporary storage areas and delivered to licenced re- cycling companies operating in the relevant field, different man­ age- ment methods have been developed for kitchen wastes such as vege- tables and fruits, green wastes such as garden wastes, and food wastes, which are categorised as wet waste. Accordingly, park-garden waste and vegetable-fruit waste were uti- lised in the production of compost, a soil-improving material, and food waste was processed and delivered to animal care centres to be offered to our animal friends. Similarly, composting equipment was provided to process organic waste generated in the complexes, and some of the compost material produced was used in the green areas of the complexes, while others were given as gifts to visitors. Temporary Waste Landfill and Compost Application In general, the Zero Waste System provides a seven-step roadmap out­ lining the steps that companies, institutions, or organizations must implement to become zero waste. The stages of establishing the Zero Waste System are as follows: » Determination of Focal Points: The people who will be respon- sible for the establishment, effective and efficient implementation, monitoring, information flow and reporting of the zero waste man­ 139 Zero Waste Movement agement system in the organization are determined. These are the people who will lead the team to ensure zero waste management. » Determination of Current Situation: When applying the Zero Waste Management System in your organization, it will be easier for you to determine how you are in the waste management and analyze your current situation. » Planning: During this phase, an institution-specific deadline plan is developed based on the current situation. » Identification of Needs & Supply: When implementing the Zero Waste System in the institution, all equipment that will be needed is identified, listed, and provided before implementation, taking into account each unit in the institution (offices, refectory, infir- mary, etc.). » Training & Raising Awareness: After the supply of the equipment is completed, practical training and information studies are con­ ducted for the target audiences before the application. » Application: The supplied collection equipment is placed at con- venient points within easy reach of personnel. Information ban- ners designed for the equipments are hung on the equipments that they can be easily seen. Attention should be paid to the color scale of the collection equipments and promotional materials. » Reporting: At this stage, monitoring is carried out by the working team to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation, and if any failing aspects, deficiencies, or elements to be improved are identified, measures are taken. The Zero Waste Information System was established and the re- cy­ cling participation fee was introduced in 2018. In the same year, amendments were made to the Environmental Law regarding the charging of plastic bags, the implementation of recycling contribu- tion fees, the dissemination of zero waste management systems, and the deposit-refund system. Crucial regulations have been introduced for the zero waste approach to become a policy. First of all, the Zero Waste Regulation entered into force after being published in the Official Gazette dated July 12, 2019 and numbered 30829. As part of the Zero Waste Regulation, transition schedules for local administrations, buildings, and campuses to zero waste management systems have been set. The Regulation sets out 140 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY guidelines on establishing and implementing a zero waste manage- ment system, the requirements for monitoring the system, the condi- tions for obtaining a zero waste certificate, and its criteria. As part of the Zero Waste Regulation, the Zero Waste Certification process has started as of January 12, 2020. Buildings, campuses, and local admin- istrations that have adopted the Zero Waste Management System are given a Zero Waste Certificate. Institutions and organizations implementing a zero waste management system (cumulative) While 81 provincial governorships prepared “Provincial Zero Waste Management System Plans”, the number of buildings and campuses that switched to the Zero Waste Management System between June 2017 and the first half of 2022 was 150 thousand. The Ministry has pre­ pared 11 implementation guides for practitioners in order to guide the establishment, operation, and monitoring of the Zero Waste Manage­ ment System. International Aspects of the Zero Waste Movement Implemented in Türkiye The Zero Waste Movement in Türkiye has received international at- tention since its inception. Under this heading, the international ac- tivities related to the project are listed in order. First Lady Emine Erdoğan, the wife of President Recep Tayyip Er- doğan, received the Dutch women farmers who are in Türkiye with the invitation of the Embassy of the Netherlands in March 2019, im- plementing recyclable agricultural policies, and successful women 141 Zero Waste Movement entrepreneurs who carry out activities in the areas of agriculture and husbandry in Türkiye. Emphasising the importance of the Zero Waste Movement, Emine Erdoğan, in her speech at the reception of Dutch women farmers and Turkish women entrepreneurs, said, “We must implement eco-friendly policies in our agricultural activities. Improv- ing performance in climate-friendly farming and reducing carbon footprint must be among our primary goals.” First Lady Emine Erdoğan with Dutch Women Farmers and Turkish Women Entrepreneurs Karolien Hupkes, a delegation member, stated that they were happy to meet with Turkish women farmers and said, “I have seen the following characteristics in my Turkish farmer sisters: they are very strong, they take ownership of their work, and they do it with love. The technolo­ gies used are very important for people to produce efficiently. During our visit to First Lady Emine Erdoğan, her remarks on recycled agri­ culture left a lasting impression on us.” In April 2019, First Lady Emine Erdoğan attended the World Econom- ic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa in Jordan. During her address at the meeting, First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated, “Our be- haviour patterns constitute the basis for the formation of an environ- ment-friendly economy. We believe that major transformations can be started through changes in individuals’ behaviours. In this regard, we should review our established consumption habits.” 142 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY First Lady Emine Erdoğan at World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa in Jordan Following her address at the World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa, First Lady Emine Erdoğan met with President Børge Brende and Executive Chairman Klaus Schwab of the World Economic Forum. The issue of individual awareness as well as future steps to be taken in the international arena were discussed during the meeting. The President of the World Economic Forum, Brende, offered information about their new initiatives on environmental protection and expressed a desire to collaborate with Türkiye. In this light, both parties stressed the significance of Brende’s visit to Türkiye on April 24 and 25 and cooperations with the Ministry of Environment and Ur­ 143 Zero Waste Movement banism of Türkiye. Additionally, the meeting focused on the signifi­ cance of ocean cleanup in preventing environmental pollution and the measures that can be taken in this regard. As part of the G20 Osaka Summit Partners’ Programme held in Japan in June 2019, First Lady Emine Erdoğan attended a symposium titled “Oceans: A Precious Resource for Our Lives” along with the spouses of several heads of state and government. Among the topics discussed during the symposium, moderated by President Atsushi Sunami of the Ocean Policy Research Institute of the Sasakawa Peace Founda- tion (OPRI-SPF), were how G20 members and international organiza- tions can promote the sustainability of resources in oceans and what they can do to protect oceans and seas. First Lady Emine Erdoğan at the Symposium titled “Oceans: Pre- cious Resources for Our Lives” First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that they have seen during the sym- posium what kind of threats the world is faced with and added, “We have limited time to construct a new scenario for the future. If the right steps are taken, there will be more fish than plastic in the oceans by 2050.” Noting that the borders between countries should be lifted and countries should act with collective conscience when it comes to protecting nature, First Lady Emine Erdoğan went on to say, “When a country dispatches its trash to a landfill many kilometres away, it does not simply mean that it gets rid of it. That waste is served to us all in the form of a plate of fish full of microplastics.” “We have a huge responsibility to build a livable future for the children of the world,” 144 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY First Lady Emine Erdoğan said, adding that the Zero Waste Project has been initiated in Türkiye in line with this responsibility. Underlining that multilateral efforts to promote a zero-waste culture and combat marine litter are carried out in Türkiye under the coordination of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation, First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that their primary goal is to separate garbage at the source and use it for recycling. First Lady Emine Erdoğan explained that zero waste systems were implemented in public institutions, zero waste practises were initiated in schools and military facilities, children’s awareness was raised, and charging for plastic bags resulted in a 70% reduction in the use of plastic bags. First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that they held “from waste to art” exhibitions throughout Türkiye, citing the support they received from the media and non-governmental organizations, as well as the contribution of artists to the awareness-raising efforts. Moreover, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has taken part in interna- tional events associated with the initiative. In September 2019, Pres- ident Recep Tayyip Erdoğan attended the Climate Action Summit held on the sidelines of the 74th session of the United Nations Gen- eral Assembly. Emphasising that climate issues are global issues that know no borders, President Erdoğan stated, “It is crucial to ensure international cooperation on this issue. The UN Secretary-General urged countries to take responsibility and action to combat climate change. Türkiye is now co-leading a track on Infrastructure, Cities, and Local Action (ICLA) alongside Kenya and UN Habitat. The remit of this working group constitutes an important area whose impacts regarding the fight against climate change would be visible in daily life. Türkiye is well aware of the fact that action needs to be taken first at the local level in order for the fight against climate change to be successful.” 145 Zero Waste Movement President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the “UN Climate Action Summit” President Erdoğan continued his speech at the UN Climate Action Summit, saying, “We are one of the rare countries that have increased forest cover. We have planted more than 4 billion saplings in the last 10 years. On November 11, we are planting 11 million more saplings. One of our 2023 goals is to increase our forest cover to 30 percent of our total land area. In a bid to reduce greenhouse emissions and solve traffic congestion in our cities, we are building new subway lines. We aim to increase the share of railway lines in cargo capacity from 5% to 10% and passenger capacity from 1% to 4%. We plan to increase the length of our high-speed railway network to 5,600 kilometres and the length of our municipal rail system by approximately 50 per cent. We have completed landmark projects such as the Marmaray and Eura- sia Tunnel. Türkiye has made significant progress in waste manage- ment, in the use of climate-friendly technology and energy resources, and in the improvement of the quality of air, water, and soil. The use of plastic bags across Türkiye has been decreased by three-quarters as a result of the relevant regulations implemented in the country. The Zero Waste Project launched under the auspices of my spouse, First Lady Emine Erdoğan, has been rapidly adopted by all of our cit- ies and institutions. We are spreading the Zero Waste Project across Türkiye. We will have transitioned to Zero Waste system in nearly 400 thousand residences by 2023. We will have increased the rate of waste recycling from 13% to 35%.” 146 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Also in September 2019, First Lady Emine Erdoğan attended the panel “Problems and Solutions on Sustainable Waste and Resource Manage- ment: Why Do National Initiatives on Zero Waste Matter?” and shared her experience with the participants. In addition to First Lady Emine Erdoğan, the panel was also attended by Mrs Esra Albayrak, spouse of Minister of Treasury and Finance Berat Albayrak and daughter of President Erdoğan; the spouses of Minister of Foreign Affairs Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu and Minister of National Defense Hulusi Akar; First Ladies of the TRNC, Thailand, Iraq, Bulgaria, Somalia, Lithuania, Norway, Greece, and Morocco; as well as Princess Dina Mired of Jordan. First Lady Emine Erdoğan at the panel “Problems and Solutions on Sustainable Waste and Resource Management: Why Do National Initiatives on Zero Waste Matter?” During the panel, First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that the first steps of the project were taken in public buildings such as the Presidency, the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye and ministry buildings, and that zero waste efforts have already begun to bear fruit, saying, “We are open to all sorts of cooperation to build a livable future for all children in the world. I believe all borders must be lifted between countries, and joint work must be conducted to overcome the environmental crisis. I hope the climate change summit as part of the 74th Session of the UNGA leads to significant decisions. I regard it urgent that a new in­ ternational pact be drafted on marine litter and microplastics. Now is not the time to think about it, discuss it, or prepare reports; it is time to act.” Executive Director of UN-Habitat, Maimunah Mohd Sharif, and Director of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network and 147 Zero Waste Movement Columbia University’s Centre for Sustainable Development, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Assistant Secretary-General and Head of the New York Office of the UN Environment Programme, Satya S. Tripathi, and Director of the Public Health, Environment and Social Determinants of Health De­ partment of the WHO, Dr Maria Neira, delivered speeches at the event. The speakers thanked First Lady Emine Erdoğan for her leadership, emphasising that it is extremely important for a First Lady to make a concrete contribution to an issue that the entire world is trying to solve. Another international activity carried out by First Lady Emine Er- doğan regarding the project was her visit to the Turkish Embassy in Belgrade, the first foreign mission to implement the Zero Waste Pro- ject carried out under her auspices, in October 2019. During this visit, First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that she believes that environmen- tal issues are now part of the diplomatic mission and said, “I would like to express my gratitude to the Minister of Environmental Protection of Serbia Mr Trivan, and the Municipality of Belgrade for their support of the project. I wish this admirable unity to be an example for everyone in fulfilling our responsibilities towards nature.” First Lady Emine Erdoğan at the Turkish Embassy in Belgrade During her visit, First Lady Emine Erdoğan emphasised that the envi- ronment is at a critical juncture and said, “We will either act as a glob- al community with common sense or we will leave our children a fu- ture full of disasters. We need to realise that, as a whole world, 148 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY we are one family caring for nature. When it comes to tackling the en- vironmental crisis, we must say “we” rather than “you” and “me”. Global warming is affecting the whole world, not just a certain region. There­ fore, even if there are borders between countries, the environmental crisis drags each of us into the same disaster without recognising any borders.” Recalling that a great mobilization was launched in Türkiye in 2017 with the Zero Waste Project, First Lady Emine Erdoğan empha­ sised that they aim to make the zero waste movement 45 per cent wide­ spread across the country in 2020 and 100 per cent widespread in 2023. First Lady Emine Erdoğan noted that as parents, their primary concern and effort is ensuring that their children have a decent future, and she went on to say: “A good future is no longer limited to a good education and job opportunities. We can only discuss a lovely future if we can leave behind a world with clean water, soil, air, and resources that have not been depleted. That is why we must work with all our might for the con­ tinuity of life. Just as we grew up cooling off in the shade of trees, eating the fish we caught without fear, and drinking water without fear, our grandchildren should be able to do the same.” First Lady Emine Erdoğan also attended the “6th Social Good Sum- mit” organised by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and TBWA/FORGOOD in November 2019. Speaking during the programme, First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that everyone at- tending the Summit shared the common objective of “finding the shortest path to goodness to make the world a better place.” First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that because every action we take today shapes the next few thousand years, “not only 2030 but also 2050 and 2070 are actually now. Indeed, the current environmental crisis is the culmi­ nation of a long process. Therefore, scientists’ warnings about the near future should shape all our current behaviour.” First Lady Emine Erdoğan at the 6th Social Good Summit 149 Zero Waste Movement At the 6th Social Good Summit, noting that they attach great impor- tance to the efforts exerted with non-governmental organizations, First Lady Emine Erdoğan said that in cooperation with the Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Pro­ tection of Natural Habitats (TEMA) and the Ministry of National Edu­ cation, “zero waste education” was provided to 280 thousand children in 20 pilot schools in 3 months, the World Wildlife Fund launched a campaign to reduce the use of single-use plastic and paper packaging in restaurants, the Turkish Marine Environment Protection Associa­ tion (TURMEPA) carried out coastal cleaning to solve the waste prob­ lem in the seas, the Mind Your Waste Foundation drew attention to the problem of cigarette butt, and the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisa­ tion and Climate Change carried out educational and awareness-rais­ ing activities reaching 2 million people. First Lady Emine Erdoğan was awarded the first “Global Goals Action Award” of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Tür- kiyeat the ceremony held on March 25, 2021, for her contributions to the Zero Waste Project and other environmental activities carried out under her auspices. Claudio Tomasi, Resident Representative of UNDP in Türkiye and First Lady Emine Erdoğan Claudio Tomasi, the Resident Representative of UNDP in Türkiye, pre­ sented the Award at the ceremony held in Beştepe State Guesthouse for the considerable contributions of the Zero Waste Project to the achievement of the UN’s goal “Responsible Consumption and Produc­ 150 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY tion”. Drawing attention to the campaign launched by Türkiye under the auspices of First Lady Emine Erdoğan and the gains achieved, es­ pecially in the economy, Tomasi said, “Thanks to you, Türkiye has ex­ perienced significant success with the Zero Waste initiative. Despite the fact that this initiative was launched in 2017, it has already yielded significant gains.” The UN General Assembly declared March 30 as the “International Day of Zero Waste”. Thus, the Zero Waste Movement, which serves as the umbrella for all our environmental projects, has now been recog- nised as a global environmental movement by the decision of the UN General Assembly. In his speech at the event held at the UN Gener­ al Assembly on the occasion of the International Day of Zero Waste cel- ebrated for the first time on March 30, 2023, UN Secretary-General António Guterres invited countries to be inspired by examples such as Türkiye’s Zero Waste project led by First Lady Emine Erdoğan, who also chairs the newly established Advisory Board of Eminent Persons on Zero Waste. UN Secretary General António Guterres and First Lady Emine Erdoğan Guterres attracted the world’s attention when he expressed his grati- tude to the First Lady of Türkiye, Emine Erdoğan, for the Zero Waste Project. “I want to recognise and salute the leadership of the govern- ment of Türkiye and First Lady, Her Excellency Emine Erdoğan on this vital issue,” Guterres said about the project, which was launched under the auspices of First Lady Emine Erdoğan to highlight the im- 151 Zero Waste Movement portance of eliminating waste in the fight against the climate crisis, thereby garnering global praise for the project. First Lady Emine Erdoğan participated in the “The second session of the United Nations Habitat Assembly” held in June 2023 at the UN-Habitat Headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya, by sending a video mes- sage. He expressed his gratitude to Rachel Ruto, wife of the President of Kenya, for her invitation to the second session of the United Nations Habitat Assembly, the leading organization in building a more habit- able world, and to the entire UN-Habitat family, especially Maimunah Mohd Sharif. Emphasising the importance of such a meeting in these days when the vast majority of the world’s population is condemned to live in settlements that have lost their bond with nature, First Lady Emine Erdoğan pointed out that urban waste has already reached di- mensions that nature cannot dispose of and is gradually turning into a global threat. First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that great strides had been made to save nature from waste that it could not process but that the road was long in an age where consumption had become the goal. On the other hand, First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that she believed the most significant change would occur when we abandoned the “throw-away culture” and adopted a lifestyle that produced almost no waste. First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that the spread of the “Global Zero Waste” movement indicates that the adoption of this lifestyle is imminent: “We owe the success we have achieved in the first place to the ownership of the project by our people and, of course, by our women. I believe that the accomplishments in our country and on a global scale have been made possible by ensuring women’s effective participation in all processes. As a woman, I spearhead the Zero Waste movement and serve as the Chair of the Zero Waste Advisory Board. I am delighted to walk this path with my dear friend, Ms. Maimunah, another wom­ an whose environmental leadership has made her a global role model. One of my favourite proverbs in Turkish is “men make houses, women make homes”. Our ancestors used this proverb to highlight women’s inherent compassion and mercy, as well as their transformative pow­ er, resilience, perseverance, and ability to multiply good things. Our cities, like everything else, are becoming more liveable and sustainable as a result of women’s ability to shape the environment and commu­ nities. I sincerely believe that, under the leadership of the trailblazing women and all of the environmentally-conscious volunteers who have gathered for this meeting, solutions that will shed light on humanity’s problems will be introduced. These gatherings give us all hope for a 152 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY sustainable future in which we are once again friends with nature and live in harmony with the entire family of living creatures. First Lady Emine Erdoğan expressed her hope that the outcomes of the UN-Hab­ itat Second Ordinary Assembly would benefit humanity, saying, “We wish to reach a cleaner and healthier world every day.” First Lady Emine Erdoğan chaired the first meeting of the United Na­ tions Zero Waste Advisory Board in July 2023. First Lady Emine Erdoğan called for a global Zero Waste Movement, saying, “We should focus on not polluting rather than cleaning, and we should spread a zero-waste lifestyle throughout the world.” The first meeting of the United Nations Zero Waste Advisory Board, chaired by First Lady Emine Erdoğan at the request of UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres was held online. UN-Habitat Executive Director Maimunah Mohd Sharif moderated the meeting from Türkiye. In addition to First Lady Emine Erdoğan, UN Un­ der-Secretary-General for Policy Guy Bernard Ryder also addressed the participants at the meeting. First Lady Emine Erdoğan, Chair of the UN Zero Waste Advisory Board, emphasized in her speech that the Board members were brought together by their love and sensitivity to nature. First Lady Emine Erdoğan stated that it was possible to repair existing damage with a collaborative effort and added that in Türkiye, with the “Zero Waste Project,” we saw that it was possible to achieve great results with consistent effort. First Lady Emine Erdoğan at the First Meeting of the UN Zero Waste Advisory Board 153 Zero Waste Movement First Lady Emine Erdoğan reminded the board members during the meeting that the world was our common home and that the climate crisis knew no national borders. First Lady Emine Erdoğan underlined that success could not be achieved without a joint struggle with the countries of the world and said that they took action to spread the “Zero Waste” practice internationally and to share the experiences gained in the project. The meeting was moderated by UN-Habitat Ex- ecutive Di­ rector Maimunah Mohd Sharif, and attendees included UN Under-Sec­ retary-General for Policy Guy Bernard Ryder, Suriname President Chan Santokhi’s wife First Lady Mellisa Santokhi-Seenacherry, Sierra Leone President Julius Maada Bio and his wife First Lady Fatima Maada Bio, Algramo CEO Jose Manuel Moller, Yunus Environment Hub Founder and Chairman Muhammed Yun Carlos Silva Filho, Cempre’s Chief Ex­ ecutive Officer The Waste Transformers’ CEO, Laura Reyes Lara van Druten, Saleem Ali, Hakima El Haite, ICLEI Local Government Secre­ tary-General for Sustainability Gino Van Begin, and Vijay Jagannathan, Secretary-General of CityNet Asia Pacific. At the meeting, participants shared their experiences as well as their perspectives on the importance of zero waste and recycling. The Board members thanked First Lady Emine Erdoğan. The hosting of the UN-Habitat Executive Director at the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change in July 2023 was the international activity realised within the scope of the project. During the visit of Ms. Maimunah Mohd Sharif, Executive Director of UN-Hab­ itat, consultations were held on cooperation opportunities between UN-Habitat and the Ministry. A consensus was reached to open a Unit­ ed Nations Habitat Office in Istanbul. It was also stated that the Zero Waste movement, which is an example to the world un- der the leader­ ship of First Lady Emine Erdoğan, would continue its pioneering role by producing stronger initiatives with the office to be opened in Istanbul. 154 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY First Lady Emine Erdoğan Un 155 Zero Waste Movement International Awards for the Zero Waste Movement The Zero Waste Movement, a major social and economic transforma­ tion movement, has evolved into a vision at the end of its sixth year. First Lady Emine Erdoğan is the advocate of the Zero Waste Movement, which opened the door to a great and rapid transformation by attracting attention both nationally and internationally. As a key figure striving for the environment globally, her efforts have earned recognition from the international community. “Zero Waste, Zero Hunger Award” was presented by the United Nati- ons Agriculture and Food Organization (FAO) in 2018 to the Zero Was- te Movement; In 2021, the “Sustainable Development Goals Action Award” was presented by the United Nations Development Program- me (UNDP), and the UN Human Settlements Programme (Habitat) presented the Waste Wise Cities Global Champion Award”; In 2022, the “Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly Award (PAW Awards)” was presented, and in the same year, the “Climate and Development Leadership Award” was presented by the World Bank. In addition, in 2022, a declaration of good will was signed with the UN for spreading the “Zero Waste Project” across the globe. 156 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Zero Waste Blue Movement Türkiye is making significant efforts to reduce and prevent waste ge- neration, sort waste at its source, save raw materials and energy th- rough recycling, and create a liveable world. Throughout the period to date, targets have been met ahead of schedule, with achievements that go above and beyond these goals. By incorporating Zero Waste Blue into the Zero Waste Project, a new project was launched in 2019 to protect the seas and keep them clean. Türkiye’s Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea coasts (ex­ cluding the coasts of our islands) are 8592 kilometres long. Our coast­ lines have a high biodiversity value. Approximately 5,000 plant and animal species have been identified in Türkiye’s territorial waters. It is essential to protect our blue homeland to benefit from our seas and coasts in a multifaceted way. With this in mind, on June 10, 2019, un­ der the leadership of First Lady Emine Erdoğan, the Zero Waste Blue Movement was launched as part of the Zero Waste Movement. Our coasts may face significant environmental problems due to in- dustrial facilities established for the opportunities offered by the sea and coastal areas, urbanisation, particularly in coastal areas, tourism 157 Zero Waste Movement activities carried out on land and sea, maritime transportation, and domestic and industrial pollution coming from inland regions throu- gh surface waters. Marine litter, which is the main source of pollution in the seas, is the material produced or used by humans, dumped into the sea, rivers, or beaches, indirectly entered into the sea by rivers, wastewater, rainwater, or wind, and accidentally lost at sea (fishing gear, cargo) in bad weather conditions. Major sources of marine litter include: » Marine litter can be of terrestrial or aquatic origin. It can be found on land or in the sea, as well as indirectly reaching the sea by be- ing transported by rivers, wastewater, wind, rainwater and waves. » Eighty per cent of marine litter reaches the sea from terrestrial re­ sources. Therefore, any garbage left ashore carries the risk of being sea litter. Another threat to the seas is fishing gear called ghost nets. Before the introduction of plastic into our lives, materials like silk were used to make nets; however, because plastic is more affordable, fishing nets are now produced from materials derived from plastic. Up to 8 to 10 years of ghost fishing can be harmful to marine species and the ecosys­ tem. Marine animals caught in ghost nets are in danger of losing their lives due to drowning, fatigue, or starvation for a long time. Similarly, if they become entangled in ship propellers, they can cause significant damage, and they can also become entangled in coral reefs, causing them to be uprooted and destroyed by currents. Therefo- re, in our country, with the support of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change, aquatic environments are scanned and cleared of ghost nets as part of the Zero Waste Blue Movement. 158 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Another one of the activities carried out as part of the Zero Waste Blue Movement is seabed cleaning activities. Lake Van, the largest lake in our country, the shores of Fethiye, where the world-famous Ölüdeniz (Dead Sea) is located, and Lake Beyşehir, the largest freshwater lake in our country, have been some of the areas where seabed cleaning has been carried out as part of the Zero Waste Blue Movement. As part of the Zero Waste Blue Movement, 1.2 million cubic metres of mud were removed during the underwater mud cleaning efforts in Lake Van. The sludge removed from the lake bottom is analysed and, if suitable, pro­ cessed and used as a soil improver in parks and gardens. In addition to this, another practice organised as part of the project was to increase the number of our Blue Flag beaches. The number of Blue Flag beaches increased to 519 in 2021, 531 in 2022 and 551 in 2023. In Türkiye, 551 beaches, 23 marinas, 14 tourism boats, and 10 individ­ ual yachts have been awarded the Blue Flag. In the Blue Flag ranking announced by the International Foundation for Environmental Edu­ cation-FEE, headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark, Türkiye ranked third in the world again this year with the number of beaches. They Clean the Mediterranean by Collecting Plastics Caught in Nets 159 Zero Waste Movement As part of Biodiversity Conservation Studies, 43 Thousand Square Meters of Ghost Nets Were Removed During Underwater Scans This Year in İzmit Bay Recycling Rate Increases Every Year with Zero Waste Within the scope of the Zero Waste Movement led by the Ministry of En­ vironment, Urbanisation and Climate Change and under the auspices of First Lady Emine Erdoğan, the main goals include preventing, reducing, reusing, and recycling waste as well as avoiding waste production. 160 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Increase in Waste Recovery Rate by Years, Amount of Waste Re­ cycled to the Economy and Number of Trained Individuals 161 Zero Waste Movement As part of the efforts carried out with the Zero Waste Movement, which promotes sustainable production and consumption habits, supports the efficient use of resources, and helps to achieve positive socioeco­ nomic results, including the development of social solidarity; » The number of buildings/campuses that have switched to zero waste management systems has reached approximately 166,000 since June 2017. » Approximately 17.5 million people were trained on zero waste from June 2017 until the first half of 2022. The number of peo- ple trained reached approximately 19.2 million in the first half of 2023. » Our waste recovery rate, which was 13% in 2017, increased to 27.2% in 2021 and 30.13% in 2022. As a result, both the reduction of the adverse effects of climate change and the protection and efficient use of raw material resources have been achieved. » It is aimed to increase our waste recovery rate to 35% in 2023 and 60% in 2035 and to significantly reduce the amount of stored waste. 162 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY » Approximately 45.5 million tonnes of recyclable waste, including 25.4 million tonnes of paper-cardboard, 6.6 million tonnes of plas­ tic, 2.6 million tonnes of glass, 0.7 million tonnes of metal and 10.2 million tonnes of organic and other recyclable wastes, have been processed and recycled into the economy by businesses licensed by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change since the start of the project. » The collected wastes resulted in an economic gain of 96 billion TL, 4.9 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions prevented, 703 mil­ lion kWh of energy, 711 million m3 of water and 82 million m3 of landfill space, 432 million trees, and 108 million barrels of oil saved. 163 Zero Waste Movement Recovery Rate2 7,2% Energy Saved5 30 million kwh Water Saved 572 million m3 Spaces Saved for Storage 69 million m3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Blocked 3,9 million tons Trees Saved 347 million units Barrels of Oil Saved 87 million units Raw Materials Saved 650 million tonnes Recovery Amount/Rate Plastic Bags5 50,000 tonnes Paper/Cardboard2 0,4 million tonnes Plastic 5,4 million tonnes Glass2 ,3 million tonnes Metal0 ,5 million tonnes Organic material etc.5 ,2 million tonnes Wastewater Treatment Rate4 ,2% Zero Waste Project in Numbers (Between the years 2017 and 2022) 164 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 165 GREEN DEAL ACTION PLAN Chapter VII GREEN DEAL ACTION PLAN 167 GREEN DEAL ACTION PLAN Green Deal Action Plan The European Union, which has been more active in addressing the climate crisis than other global actors, has, for the first time, laid out a clear roadmap for a sustainable and effective transition through the European Green Deal. As a candidate country for EU membership and a Customs Union partner, Türkiye continues to pursue fundamental reforms that cover all aspects of the economy in accordance with the Green Deal and strives to respond quickly to expectations in order to meet the criteria established in this context. This development is expected to significantly impact Türkiye’s trade with the European Union, its largest export market. As a result, it is important to con­ tinue working towards the harmonisation of technical regulations in Türkiye. Many concrete projects have been undertaken in the public and private sectors within this framework, and, in particular, there was a need to address the impact of the political changes intended to be implemented in the EU on energy, agriculture, industry, and trans­ port policies related to Türkiye’s foreign trade in a multidimensional manner, as well as to determine an extensive and coordinated route in this direction. To this end, the former Ministry of Industry and Trade formed a working group with the participation of relevant institu­ tions, and in addition to technical meetings with member institutions, sector discussions were held with the participation of private sector representatives. During the discussions, the reform process required 168 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY by the objectives set for Türkiye was discussed comprehensively, tak­ ing into account the similarities between the Customs Union and the EU’s established commercial and economic activities. It was intend­ ed to create an outline for adapting to the potential global impacts of climate change policies, and an Action Plan was developed with the working team’s assistance in this regard. The progress made in Türki­ ye’s sustainable transformation process within the public and private sectors and all relevant stakeholders is presented under 11 headings under the Green Deal Action Plan. The Green Deal Action Plan is regarded as consistent with the reform policies that have been implemented in the global economy, as it pro­ motes sustainable investments and incorporates international value mechanisms. In the recovery process following the global pandemic, societies have prioritised creating a sustainable economy, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have increased, climate change has been addressed in an interconnected dimension with areas such as economy, health, migration, and so on by societies aiming for global growth, and financial and trade policies have been shaped accordingly. Carbon Border Adjustments In accordance with the Green Deal Action Plan, first, the EU “Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism” was modelled, and in 2022, the Min­ istry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change, with the support of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, carried out the “Potential Impact of the CBAM on the Turkish Econo­ my” project, and the study’s findings were shared with relevant sectors. The World Bank, on the other hand, published the “Türkiye Country Climate and Development Report” as an impact analysis study of the Carbon Border Adjustment’s effects on the Turkish economy. The Me­ dium Term Programme (2023-2025) incorporated Green Deal Action Plan (GDAP) policies to establish a suitable carbon pricing mechanism and a national Emissions Trading System (ETS) in Türkiye, while the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change initiat­ ed the Turkish Carbon Market Development Project under the World Bank’s Partnership for Market Implementation. Representatives of relevant chambers, unions, and organisations re­ ceived general and special trainings in 2023, and the results of activ­ ities coordinated by the Ministry of Industry and Technology to re­ duce greenhouse gas emissions in manufacturing industry sectors 169 GREEN DEAL ACTION PLAN were shared with the public on March 18, 2024. Steel, Aluminium, and Cement specialised working groups established within the scope of GDAP proposed low-carbon roadmap projects for each sector under the coordination of the Ministry of Industry and Technology, and ad­ ditionally, TÜBİTAK developed a Green Growth Technology Roadmap within this framework. A Green and Circular Economy The second theme within the GDAP framework, “Green and Circu­ lar Economy,” asserts that sustainable transformation should be ap­ proached more holistically and that circular economy policies will enable the enhancement of energy efficiency. In this context, the EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles was established with the goal of ensuring that textile products supplied to the EU market by 2030 are durable and sustainable, while new regulations intro­ duced carbon cap and recycled content requirements for electric vehi­ cle batteries sold in the EU market. Similarly, the draft Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation was prepared with the aim of allowing only recyclable packaging on the market by 2030; the draft Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) was established to re­ quire corporations to adopt programmes ensuring that their business practices and strategies align with the Paris Agreement; and the Direc­ tive on Empowering Consumers for the Green Transition was adopt­ ed to facilitate consumer access to accurate sustainability information and to prevent misinformation. On April 30, 2024, the Regulation on Waste Shipments was published in the Official Journal of the EU. On February 1, 2023, the European Commission announced the Green Deal Industrial Plan to increase the prevalence of Europe’s net zero technologies and further enhance the competitiveness of EU industry in this field. Raw materials that can be qualified as necessary, import­ ant and key in ensuring sustainability are specified in the Critical Raw Materials Act Draft. With the Regulation No. 2023/1115 on Prevention of Deforestation, which entered into force on June 9, 2023, an endeav­ our was made to ensure that the supply chains are programmed in a way to prevent deforestation. Accordingly, the Technical Assistance Project for the Assessment of Türkiye’s Potential for Transition to Circular Economy (DEEP) was launched for the IPA II Period. With a view to reducing hazardous chemicals, the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability aims to decrease the use of hazardous chemicals. To the same end, the Circular on Cleaner Production Practices in the 170 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Textile Sector was promulgated and entered into force on 31/12/2022. The Sustainable Consumption and Production National Action Plan (SCP-NAP), which includes SCP models for the food, fisheries and ag­ riculture, housing and construction, consumer goods manufacturing and tourism sectors, was prepared. The wastewater reuse rate is tar­ geted to increase to 15% by 2030. The dissemination of National Envi­ ronmental Labelling System and informing businesses regarding the environment, green transition and waste management are of impor­ tance being the main goals of the plan. Green Financing The aim of “green financing” is to improve the environment-orient­ ed system, establish the infrastructure of a sustainable economy and ensure the financial system is sustainable and in coherence with the ecological system. Within this scope, the Regulation on Green Bond Standards was adopted in November 2023. In addition, the EU Cor­ porate Sustainability Reporting Directive entered into force in Janu­ ary 2023. Within the GDAP; green financing, which is critical for sup­ porting the development of a sustainable and green economy, is built on three main components. These components are: improving the ecosystem that will facilitate the achievement of the green financing goal; managing the national incentive systems; and the efficient util­ isation of international economic resources. In this context, ‘climate risks’ and ‘green financing’ topics have been included in the scope of the financial sector assessment for the first time. More advantageous conditions have been created for low-emission vehicles in the credit situations that consumers experience during the purchase of motor vehicles. Raising awareness within the context of available financing opportunities, cross-border cooperations with the aim of ensuring sustainable banking, and many other practices have been realised. Ac­ cordingly, the Sustainability Principles Compliance Framework was promulgated on October 2, 2020, and a technical assistance project was launched between the BRSA and the World Bank in 2023 to im­ prove the analysis capacity on climate-related financial risks. Clean, Economic, and Secure Energy Supply The fourth theme, “Clean, Affordable, and Secure Energy Supply,” which is conveyed under the title of GDAP, underlines primarily the UN Climate Action Document and the practices carried out to address the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions and secure energy as the largest source of emissions. For this reason, countries that seek to 171 GREEN DEAL ACTION PLAN act on the basis of energy security are increasing their focus on policies in this direction. This framework aims to increase renewable hydro­ gen production and import volume over the next five years. Similarly, aligning with the same direction, the industry, a key sector in energy consumption, was incorporated into the scope of the EU Renewable Energy Directive, the Türkiye Hydrogen Technology Strategies and Road Map documentary was published, where solution mechanisms were assessed based on global practices and Türkiye’s specific needs, and the outlined objectives and strategies were included. Within the framework of the European Green Deal Industrial Plan, the European Critical Raw Materials Act and the Net-Zero Industry Act aim to re­ duce the EU’s import dependency on critical technologies to the lowest possible level. Aligned with these targets and in accordance with the National Energy and Mining Policy and the National Energy Plan, the share of renewable energy capacity in Türkiye’s total energy capacity has seen a significant increase compared to previous periods. In this context, the Savings Target and Application Guide for Public Build­ ings for the period between 2024 and 2030 was published. Launched in 2020, the Green Tariff application continues to raise awareness with similar incentives, such as the Renewable Energy Resource Guar­ antee Certificate (YEK-G Certificate) for consumers aiming to obtain electricity through renewable energy sources. The Energy Efficiency 2030 Strategy aims to introduce low-carbon cooling and heating sys­ tems to achieve a comprehensive public-led retrofit programme with approaches to reduce carbon emissions in buildings. 172 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Sustainable Agriculture The sustainable food and agriculture approach of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is based on five basic principles: effi­ ciency in food systems, conservation and improvement of natural re­ sources, improvement of livelihoods, enhancing resilience and gover­ nance. The objectives set by the EU to pursue sustainable agricultural policies, to reduce the ecological and climatological footprint of the EU food system, to prevent loss of diversity in the face of geopolitical, bi­ ological and climatic changes, and to pioneer a global flow of compet­ itive sustainability from farm to fork are important within the frame­ work of FAO principles. Increasing organic farming, improving animal living standards, preventing biodiversity loss and increasing diversity, reducing over-fertilisation and moving agriculture away from depen­ dence on pesticides are the main areas of work in the relevant chapter of the European Green Deal. In this context, the Residue Control Plan was implemented between 2022 and 2024, aiming to prevent agri­ cultural residue by raising producer awareness about protecting the balance of nature and farmer training programmes were conducted to support this initiative. As a result of the training programmes, a de­ crease in residue rates was observed compared to previous years with the widespread use of biological control techniques. To promote waste management in agricultural production, high-protein bars were made from fruit seeds, and training programmes were organised to prevent food waste. In this regard, the Türkiye Climate Smart and Competitive Agricultural Growth Project (TUCSAP) maintains a strong and inclu­ sive framework to ensure the transition of agribusinesses and farmers to sustainable agriculture with environmentally friendly practices. Sustainable Smart Transportation The sustainable transformation of transportation systems aims to make social mobility of the present and future more convenient and harmless, with environmentally friendly support capabilities. On July 11, 2023, the European Commission proposed a package for a more efficient and sustainable transportation system in the EU. The package includes proposals such as improving railway infrastructure capacity and a preference for low-emission vehicles. In accordance with this approach, arrangements were made for the Trans-European transportation network, and an Action Plan to Boost Long Distance and Cross-Border Passenger Rail was developed, with the goal of in­ 173 GREEN DEAL ACTION PLAN creasing railway transportation’s share of the international network, and 6,375 kilometres of roads were renewed to support this goal. The Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure updated the Green Port Proj­ ect, originally launched to support green transportation on waterways as well as railways and the Regulation on the Issuance of Green Port Certificates to Coastal Facilities was published on November 18, 2023. Accordingly, the Inspection Directive on Determination of Sulphur Content in Ship Fuels was published on June 14, 2022. In addition to these initiatives, the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure has im­ plemented numerous applications and updates to enhance the electri­ cal vehicle charging infrastructure in line with our nation’s sustainable and smart transportation improvement strategy. Combating Climate Change The main objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is to prevent the human-inflicted dangers to the cli­ mate system. For this purpose, countries prepare and present National­ ly Determined Contributions (NDC) to expedite their adaptation to cli­ mate change. Türkiye’s Updated Declaration of Nationally Determined Contribution was publicised at the Ministerial Summit of the 28th Conference of the Parties. In this regard, the Climate Club, which is be­ ing developed within the G7 and is open to participation from relevant countries, is intended to be a pioneer in the field of sustainable goals. In line with Türkiye’s 2053 Net Zero Emission target, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change prepared a draft Cli­ mate Law for the establishment of an Emissions Trading System. Ad­ ditionally, environment-based projects have been prepared to prevent deforestation and desertification in coastal and wetland areas, as well as to take and implement measures to combat land degradation. Just Transition Policies This transformation process is expected to have significant impacts on the labour market and social welfare, with dimensions that may emerge during the transition to a social and circular economy. In this context, it is critical that groups such as the Specialised Working Group on Just Transition Policies, established under the Green Consensus Working Group in line with Türkiye’s “Just Transition Policies” and coordinated by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security, analyse the occupational groups that may be affected by the green transformation process, take measures to mitigate these hazards, and position em­ 174 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY ployment policies in line with the just transition. In this framework, a programme on Green Transformation, Jobs and Skills in Türkiye is being implemented through technical cooperation between the Min­ istry of Labour and Social Security and the World Bank. Green Transformation in Education and Training The education provided under the title “Green Transformation in Education and Training” within the scope of Green Deal Action Plan (YMEP) is of critical importance in building sustainable development in a holistic manner with its dimensions such as climate, energy, econ­ omy, agriculture, etc., adopting a sustainable lifestyle by the society, evolving this competence into a common understanding and ensuring its continuity. In this context, quality education is one of the sustain­ able development goals defined under the UN 2030 agenda. In Türki­ ye, with the aim of raising awareness on sustainable living, work is be­ ing carried out within the Green Transformation Specialised Working Group in Education and Training coordinated by the Ministry of Na­ tional Education. In this respect, weekly curricula at primary and sec­ ondary education levels were updated and courses in the relevant field were added, an environmental literacy guide was prepared, workshops were organised to raise awareness, the Education for Sustainable Liv­ ing Project was launched in April 2023, and activities were carried out within the scope of TÜBİTAK scholarship and support programmes. 175 GREEN DEAL ACTION PLAN Diplomacy “Diplomacy” is critical to the successful execution and continuity of the sustainable transformation process, achieving social, ecologi­ cal and economic goals, as well as elevating a nation’s position in the global value system. In this context, the proper design and implemen­ tation of the Green Deal initiative led by the EU, with which Türkiye has a strong trade partnership, is regarded as a critical step towards increasing the country’s financial power in the global system. European Green Deal Informing and Awareness-Raising Activities In relation to the European Green Deal, informative and aware­ ness-raising activities were organised at the national level and meet­ ings were held with relevant ministries, organisations, and specialised working groups. In this framework, diplomatic negotiations are being carried out between Türkiye and the European Union, and coopera­ tion is being carried out to ensure regular contact with EU member states and to establish a strong relationship. With this action plan, it is aimed that social actors internalise sustainable development in all its dimensions and that these actors assume a more effective role and take steps in this direction with a higher level of awareness during and after the process. 177 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Chapter VIII SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE 179 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Sustainable Development Goals and Türkiye The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which was agreed upon by world leaders at the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Devel­ opment Summit in September 2015, was adopted with the signatures of 193 countries. As a continuation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were eventualised in 2000 and as an agenda that furthers these goals, the 2030 Agenda acknowledges the eradication of poverty in all its dimensions as an essential component of sustain­ able development and aligns efforts to combat climate change with economic and social development issues. The 2030 Agenda aims to involve all societies in the pursuit of reduc­ ing poverty and enhancing prosperity on a global scale, as well as to safeguard cultural and social values and prevent environmental dam­ age. Social and environmental issues such as gender equality, address­ ing the needs of disadvantaged groups, reduction of food waste, com­ bating desertification and drought, and the protection of biodiversity are all included in this new global development approach. In addition to these issues, economic issues such as economic growth, technolog­ ical development, employment, and industrialisation have also been incorporated into the sustainable development agenda. 180 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Within the 2030 Agenda, which aims to establish a more sustainable trajectory for global development, a total of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been defined. The primary goal of the SDGs is to guarantee that no nation or individ­ ual is left behind in the development process, as encapsulated by the slogan “Leave no one behind” during the 2015-2030 period. The SDGs provide a comprehensive framework encompassing the economic, so­ cial, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development with a total of 169 objectives while also addressing the universal need for development. Additionally, the SDGs adopt the targets to eliminate inequalities, strengthen economic growth and employment, improve cities and other settlements, enable industrialisation, protect oceans and eco­ systems, ensure sustainable production and consumption of energy, combat climate change, enhance sustainable production and con­ sumption, and strengthen human rights. Following the United Nations (UN) Conference on Environment and Development in Rio in 1992, Türkiye included the concept of sustain­ able development in its agenda in 1996 and, in the following years, reflected this concept in its development plans and numerous policy documents. In addition to development plans, sectoral and thematic national policy and strategy documents that incorporate the concept of sustainability have become critical components of Türkiye’s sus­ tainable development agenda. 181 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE The Presidency of Strategy and Budget is the institution responsible for the preparation of development plans and the coordination of the implementation, monitoring, and reporting of SDGs throughout the country. In this context, the Presidency of Strategy and Budget en­ sures that the Development Plan is aligned and consistent with the SDGs. Responsibility for implementing the SDGs lies with all relevant ministries and institutions. This is an advantage for the operation of SDGs and their integration into all relevant strategy and policy docu­ ments at central and local levels. The Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) is responsible for mon­ itoring the 2030 Agenda in terms of indicators. In order to monitor sustainable development, TURKSTAT has been producing national sustainable development indicators consisting of 132 indicators in 10 categories in cooperation with relevant institutions since 2000. SDG indicators have been integrated into the Official Statistics Programme covering 2017-2021. Human Development Index (HDI) The HDI is a summary measure that assesses average achievement in the three main dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to information and a decent standard of living. With an HDI value of 0.855 in 2022, Türkiye ranked 45th out of 193 countries and regions in the Very High Human Development category. Türkiye’s HDI increased by 43 per cent between 1990 and 2022, rising from 0.598 to 0.855. Between 1990 and 2022, life expectancy at birth in Türkiye changed by 10.8 years, ex­ pected years of schooling by 10.8 years, and average years of schooling by 4.4 years. Türkiye’s GNP per capita changed by about 154.3 per cent between 1990 and 2022. 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 2 2 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Human development category Developing area Europe and Central Asia Very High T Ü R K İ Y E ’ S HDI Level Tendencies of Türkiye's HDI 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 2 2 HDI Value 0 , 8 5 5 Low Present Year 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Previous Year Increase Decrease Mid High Very High 182 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Türkiye aims to ensure effective coordination among all stakeholders in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. The 2030 Agenda places responsibility not only on governments but also on the business world, NGOs and academia. For the planning, implementation and review of SDGs, Türkiye aims to provide a national environment that effectively incorporates the contributions of all stakeholders. For this purpose, it is important to increase the alignment of the SDGs with Türkiye’s pri­ orities, to monitor them and to improve the institutional framework. SDG 1 (End Poverty): Türkiye is one of the countries that has made the most progress in poverty reduction in international comparisons. The main prerequisites of this SDG are: the expansion of the scope of assistance for disadvantaged groups, the increase in support for the improvement of the inclusion of employable individuals in the labour market, the enhancement of the effectiveness of social protection ex­ penditures, the generation of additional data on poverty, and the de­ velopment of distinctive policies based on this data. 183 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE In terms of relative poverty, individuals with incomes that are below a specific threshold in comparison to the general level of society are regarded as such. Türkiye’s poverty rate decreased by 0.5 percentage points to 13.9% in 2023, as indicated by the poverty threshold that is con­ tingent upon 50% of median household disposable income. The poverty rate, which is calculated by the poverty threshold at 60% of median in­ come, increased by 0.1 percentage points to 21.7% in the previous year. %34,9 South Asia 389 MILLION 5 OUT OF EVERY 6 POOR PEOPLE IN THE WORLD LIVE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA OR SOUTH ASIA Sub-Saharan Africa 534 MILLION According to UNDP's 2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index, 1.1 billion of the 6.1 billion people living in 110 countries struggle with poverty Poverty rate in low-income countries increased between 2020-2023 165 million more people living on less than $3.65 a day in the last 3 years Outside South Asia and Sub- Saharan Africa, 65% of those struggling with poverty are in China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Sudan and Yemen Number of poor people %47,8 Poverty rate 1.1 billion out of 6.1 billion people in 110 countries live in poverty %9,5 East Asia and the Pacific 106 MILLION 184 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY The household-level variables that are assessed in the calculation of the material and social deprivation rate include car ownership, the capacity to make economically unexpected expenditures, the ability to pay for a one-week vacation away from home, the capacity to pay rent, mortgage loans, and interest-bearing debts, the capacity to consume a meal that includes meat, poultry, and fish every other day, the capacity to meet the heating needs of the house, and the capacity to replace furniture as it ages. The variables collected at the individual level for this ratio are: the ability to replace old clothes with new ones, the possession of two pairs of decent shoes, the ability to meet with acquaintances at least once a month, the ability to participate in paid leisure time activities, the ability to spend some money to feel good about oneself, and the accessibility of the internet for personal use. The rate of material and social depriva­ tion, which is defined as the percentage of individuals who are unable to meet at least seven of these criteria, was 16.6% in 2022 and is projected to decrease to 14.4% in 2023 survey results, a 2.2-point decrease. Material and Social Deprivation Rate and Difference Compared to the Previous Year, 2019-2023 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Years 18.0 17.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 15.5 15.0 14.5 Ratio (%) Rate of Material and Social Deprivation Years 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Difference (%) Difference Compared to the Previous Year 185 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE The persistent poverty rate, which is determined by four-year panel data, encompasses individuals who were impoverished at 60% of the median household disposable income in the previous year and in at least two of the previous three corresponding years. The persistent poverty rate is 12.3%, a 1.7-point decrease from the previous year, as indicated by the 2023 survey results. Persistent Poverty Rate and Difference Compared to the Previous Year, 2019-2023 Türkiye has made substantial progress regarding implementation when the achievements are evaluated by taking serious steps in the areas of policy, legislation, and project development during the 2000-2024 peri­ od in order to reduce poverty for vulnerable groups by half, ensure that social protection systems and measures significantly cover poor and vulnerable groups, and increase the access of the impoverished to eco­ nomic resources and basic services according to national definitions. In this regard, Türkiye is among the nations that have made the most rapid advancement at the international level during this period. Nevertheless, it is imperative to persist in the pursuit of the 2030 goals. SDG 2 (Zero Hunger): Türkiye is one of the top countries that have made progress in reducing hunger in international comparisons. How­ ever, needs such as relative poverty and meeting basic nutritional needs persist. It is crucial to sustain and reinforce progress. The main prereq­ uisites of this SDG are: enhancing the quality of nutrition, ensuring the diversity of food necessary for a balanced and adequate diet through domestic production, increasing agricultural productivity, sustaining progress on resilient agricultural practices, minimising and controlling price fluctuations, reducing rural poverty, disseminating precision agri­ cultural technologies, protecting genetic diversity, and taking measures against biological, biotechnological, and genetic attacks. 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Years 25 20 15 10 5 Rate (%) Persistent Poverty Rate Years 4 2 0 -2 -4 Difference (%) Difference Compared to the Previous Yea 12,7 13,7 13,8 14,0 12,3 0,5 0,9 1,4 -1,5 -2,2 186 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 187 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Within the context of sustainable development, five primary action plans were established as part of the framework of the UN Food Sys­ tems Summit, which was held in 2021 with the objective of eliminating starvation by 2030. Türkiye makes a global contribution to Action Areas 2 and 5 (“Shift to Sustainable Consumption Patterns” and “Building Re­ silience to Vulnerabilities, Shocks and Stresses”). Nevertheless, the na­ tional dialogue procedure was implemented for all five working groups. Currently, the world is confronted with a variety of global challenges that cause food insecurity. In accordance with the SOFI 2020 Report published by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation), approxi­ mately 690 million individuals were malnourished in 2019, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019, around 750 million individuals world­ wide, or one in every ten individuals, were experiencing acute food in­ security due to the pandemic. Furthermore, over two billion individuals worldwide lack regular access to secure, nutritious, and ample food. If the upward trend persists, the number of famished individuals is anticipated to exceed 840 million by 2030, and Sustainable Develop­ ment Goal No. 2 could fail to be attained. According to the UN’s data, the worldwide population is anticipated to increase from 7.8 billion in 2019 to 10 billion by 2050. Conversely, the quantity of agricultural land per capita is anticipated to decrease from 2.0 decares to 1.6 decares. Hence, by 2050, it will be essential to increase food production by 50%. Ensuring access to nutritious and safe food for all Increasing nature-compatible production on an adequate scale Action Area Action Area Action Area Action Area Action Area fair livelihood Improving resources 1 2 3 4 5 Shift to Sustainable Consumption Patterns Building Resilience to Vulnerabilities, Shocks and Stresses 188 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Food security is influenced by a variety of factors on a national and global scale, including fluctuations in food prices, increasing popu­ lation and demand for food, changing consumption habits, conflicts and economic fluctuations worldwide, increases in agricultural input prices, climate change and its impacts on agricultural production, lim­ itations of natural resources, agricultural production affected by land degradation, efficiency of natural resources, declining water resources, rapid urbanisation and migration from rural to urban areas, inadequate logistics infrastructure, and, most recently, the effects of COVID-19 on food supply. Consequently, in order to resolve contemporary issues and accomplish the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Na­ tions (UN) 2030 Agenda, it is necessary to address food systems in a sustainable fashion through a comprehensive and organised strategy. Sustainable food systems can be a useful instrument for guaranteeing the economic, social, and environmental well-being of future genera­ tions, as well as ensuring adequate nutrition and food security for all. 931 million tons of food was wasted. This means that 17% of global food production is wasted. Covid-19 Approximately 132 million people have been added to the number of people suffering from hunger. In 2020, 720 to 811 million people faced hunger. Billion People Billion People Billion People Billion People 2% of children under 5 years of age are developmentally delayed. 2021 2030 83,6 92,9 7,8 8,6 189 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Agricultural organisations, including cooperatives, producer and irri­ gation unions, farmer associations, and agricultural professional or­ ganisations, are a critical component of Türkiye’s sustainable food sys­ tems. Türkiye is not only one of the most well-performing countries in agricultural production, but it is also a world leader in the production of numerous agricultural products. 100th Anniversary of Republic Agriculture 100th Anniversary of the Republic of Türkiye Türkiye, an important agricultural country from past to future, is strengthening its position among the countries that have a say in the sector. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN TÜRKİYE IN EUROPE 1’ST EUROPE TOP 10 IN THE WORLD 2002-2022 Period Amount of incentives and grants for agriculture: $70 BILLION The production value it generates: $1 TRILLION TÜRKİYE’S AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION (BILLION DOLARS) EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS( BILLION DOLARS) SHARE OF AGRICULTURE IN GDP (In the world 9th country with agricultural GDP) TÜRKİYE'S SHARE IN SOME PRODUCTS IN THE WORLD HAZELNUT QUINCE CHERRY FIG APRICOT 190 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Türkiye is the world’s leading producer of hazelnut, cherry, fig, apricot, and quince; the second largest producer of melon and carob; and the third largest producer of tangerine, apple, cucumber, and watermelon. Türkiye is also a global leader in the production of walnuts, olives, to­ matoes, pistachios, strawberries, lemons, and beans. Türkiye is a net exporter of agricultural commodities. Processed vegetables and fruits, flour (ranked first in world flour exports), and pasta (ranked second in world pasta exports) continue to be significant exports despite the diversification of agricultural products in foreign trade. SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): The main prerequisites of this SDG are to enhance the fight against non-communicable diseases, provide preventive health services, increase the number of health per­ sonnel per capita, develop environmental health policies to address the growing global risks, particularly climate change, and implement further measures to prevent food poisoning and foodborne diseases. The number of agricultural development cooperatives established is at the peak of the last 10 years In the last 10 years, 1399 agricultural development cooperatives were established in Türkiye. 2022 was the year with the highest number of cooperatives established in this period with 213 cooperatives. NUMBER OF COOPERATIVES ESTABLISHED IN THE LAST 10 YEARS IN ALL CATEGORIES AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATIVES Number of agricultural development cooperatives (annual) Source: Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Türkiye (TOBB) 191 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Türkiye is substantially far exceeding global targets and averages in numerous objectives, particularly in the prevention of infectious dis­ eases and maternal and infant mortality. In particular, there has been an upward trend in numerous indicators over the past 15 years. Nev­ ertheless, migration to Türkiye since 2011 has led to the resurgence of diseases such as measles, particularly among children, and the subse­ quent failure to achieve the desired results in vaccination campaigns. 192 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY When analysed by causes of death, in 2023, circulatory system diseas­ es were the most prevalent cause of mortality in Türkiye, accounting for 33.4% of all fatalities. Following this cause of death were benign and malignant tumors with 15% and respiratory system diseases with 13.2%. The proportion of deaths due to external causes of injury and poisoning, including earthquake-related deaths, was 12.3%. 45,784 Turkish citizens died due to the Kahramanmaraş-centred earthquakes on February 6. Mortality rate by cause, 2022, 2023 193 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Total health expenditure increased by 71.5% in 2022 compared to the previous year, reaching 606 billion 835 million TRY. General govern­ ment health expenditures increased by 65.4%, reaching 463 billion 516 million TRY. Private sector health expenditures were estimated at 143 billion 319 million TRY, an increase of 94.4%. SDG 4 (Quality Education): The extension of compulsory education first to eight years and then to twelve years, as well as improvements in access to education, have enabled Türkiye to make substantial progress on the majority of the SDG 4 targets. Nevertheless, there is a continu­ ing necessity to enhance the quality of education and ensure that it is in accordance with the demands of the labour market, to establish an examination system that is agreed upon by all segments of society, and to offer vocational training. Additionally, it is imperative to enhance the quality of teachers, train the workforce for future competitive jobs, pre­ pare curricula to prepare students for the information society and the digital transformation of industry, and increase access to preschool edu­ cation. Conversely, Türkiye’s endeavours to integrate asylum applicants under temporary protection continue to be significant. Year 1999 200 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total Health Expendi ture (Million TL) 4985 ,0 824 8,0 1239 6,0 1877 4,0 2427 9,0 3002 1,0 3535 9,0 4406 9,0 5090 4,0 5774 0,0 5791 1,0 6167 8,0 6860 7,0 7418 9,0 8439 0,0 9475 0,0 10456 8,0 11975 6,0 14064 7,0 16523 4,0 20103 1,0 24993 2,0 35394 1,0 60683 5,0 Health Expendi ture per Capita (TL) 79,0 128, 0 190, 0 284, 0 363, 0 444, 0 517, 0 635, 0 725, 0 813, 0 804, 0 843, 0 924, 0 987, 0 1108 ,0 1228 ,0 1337, 0 1511, 0 1751, 0 2030, 0 2434, 0 2997, 0 4206, 0 7141, 0 Total Health Expendi ture to Gross Nationa l Product (%) 4,6 4,8 5,0 5,2 5,1 5,2 5,2 5,5 5,7 5,8 5,8 5,3 4,9 4,7 4,6 4,6 4,4 4,4 4,5 4,4 4,7 5,0 4,9 4,0 General Govern ment Expendi ture to Total Health Expendi ture (%) 61,1 62,9 68,1 70,7 71,9 71,2 67,8 68,3 67,8 73,0 81,0 78,6 79,9 79,2 78,5 77,4 78,5 78,5 78,0 77,5 78,0 79,2 79,2 76,4 Private Sector Health Expendi ture to Total Health Expendi ture (%) 38,9 37,1 31,9 29,3 28,1 28,8 32,2 31,7 32,2 27,0 19,0 21,4 20,4 20,8 21,5 22,6 21,5 220,0 225,0 22,0 20,8 23,6 22,0 23,6 194 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 195 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE In Türkiye, the possible duration of the education life until the com­ pletion of the highest level of education of an individual at the age to start the primary school is 18.2 years as of 2022. The duration an indi­ vidual of primary school age is likely to spend in education until the completion of secondary education is calculated to be 12.7 years. In preschool education, the probable duration of education increased from 1.2 years in 2018 to 1.6 years in 2022. Thus, the probable duration of preschool education increased by 32.5% for 2018-2022. Education by numbers from past to present 14,500 46,800 393 12,200 53,000 3000 16 2,800 21,800 1,500 libraries libraries science and art centers sports halls laboratories lodgings science and art centers sports halls laboratories lodgings Source: Ministry of National Education 196 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY The net enrolment rate in higher education in Türkiye increased from 44.7% in the 2021/2022 academic year to 46% in the 2022/2023 aca­ demic year. When the net enrolment rate in higher education is anal­ ysed by gender, this rate increased from 40.3% to 41.1% for males and from 49.2% to 51.2% for females. 197 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE SDG 5 (Gender Equality): While there have been substantial improvements in preventing child marriage, access to education and employment, and reproductive and sexual health on a global scale in recent years, gender equality contin­ ues to be a critical concern for nearly all nations. In an effort to eradicate gender inequality, Türkiye has taken important steps and made progress in terms of legislation and policies over the course of several years. Significant legal regulations have been estab­ lished and are being implemented, particularly in the areas of women’s health, education, and employment. Although these advancements 52 out of every 100 university students in Türkiye are female Of the 7.5 million students studying at universities in Türkiye, 3.9 million are female students. Number of higher education institutions in Türkiye Out of 208 129 state foundation foundation vocational school 75 4 Number of students 7,5 million Number of teaching staff 181.498 Number of research assistants 42.350 NUMBER OF TEACHING STAFF NUMBER OF ACADEMIC STAFF NUMBER OF RESEARCH ASSISTANTS Women Women Women Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio NUMBER OF STUDENTS Women Men Men Men Men MILLION MILLION 198 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY have been made, it is imperative to address the practical challenges that arise; it is crucial to prevent violence against women and reinforce all policies designed to eradicate gender inequality, which are preva­ lent in the following areas: political representation, economic activity, participation in the labour force, harmony between work and private life, vocational-technical training and use of technology. 199 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE According to the results of the Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS), as of December 31, 2023, the female population is 42 million 638 thousand 306 and the male population is 42 million 734 thousand 71. In other words, females constitute 49.9% of the total pop­ ulation, while males constitute 50.1% of it. This proportional balance between women and men changes in favour of women from the age group of 60 and above, due to the fact that women live longer. The pro­ portion of the female population is 52.1% in the 60-74 age group and 70.2% in the 90 and over age group. Population ratio by gender and age group, 2023 The gender equality index for MES at ISCED 1-8 level (primary school-higher education) was 1.01 in 2022. The index, which was 0.97 in 2018, has changed in favour of women with an increase of 0.04 points in the last five years. According to the National Education Statistics, the proportion of the population aged 25 and over who have graduated from colleges and faculties, master’s degrees and doctorates in the total population in­ creased from 9.1% in 2008 to 23.5% in 2022. When this rate is analysed by gender, while the proportion of women aged 25 and above who are higher education graduates was 7.1% for women and 11.2% for men in 2008, this rate became 21.6% for women and 25.5% for men in 2022. According to the results of the Household Labour Force Survey, the labour force participation rate of the population aged 15 and over in 2022 is 53.1%. This rate is 35.1% for women and 71.4% for men. 0-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60-74 75-89 90+ 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 Population ratio by gender and age group, 2023 Source: TÜİK, Address Based Population Registration System Results, 2023 (%) 51,3 48,7 51,2 48,8 50,4 49,6 50,1 49,9 47,9 52,1 40,6 59,4 29,8 70,2 Male Female (Age group) 200 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY When the labour force participation rates of women are analysed by educational status, it is observed that women participate in the labour force more as their educational level increases. These rates are 13.9% for illiterates, 27.1% for those with less than high school education, 36.1% for high school graduates, 43% for vocational or technical high school graduates, and 68.8% for higher education graduates. According to the results of the Household Labour Force Survey, the share of part-time workers in employment was 9.8% in 2022. This rate is 16.1% for women and 6.7% for men. The employment rate of individ­ uals in the 25-49 age group with children under the age of 3 in their household was 59.8% in 2014 and 60.5% in 2022. When this rate is ana­ lysed by gender, it is seen that in 2022, the employment rate of women in the 25-49 age group with children under the age of 3 in their house­ holds is 28%, while the employment rate of men is 90.5%. According to data from the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye, as of the end of 2023, among 599 members of the parliament, the number of females was 119, while the number of males was 480. The proportion of women members of the parliament was 9.1% in 2007 and 19.9% in 2023. Women in Statistics 2023 FEMALES CONSTITUTED 49.9% AND MALES CONSTITUTED 50.1% OF THE POPULATION OF TÜRKİYE FEMALES CONSTITUTED 49.9% AND MALES CONSTITUTED 50.1% OF THE POPULATION OF TÜRKİYE PROPORTI ON OF FEMALE AMBASSADORS PROPORTION OF FEMALE DEPUTY PROPORTION OF FEMALE PROFESSORS IN HIGHER EDUCATION PROPORTION OF WOMEN IN SENIOR AND MID-LEVEL MANAGEMENT POSITIONS Woman Kadın Woman Woman Man Erkek Man Man Türkiye Türkiye LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (YEARS) AVERAGE AGE OF FIRST MARRIAGE Source: TÜİK 201 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE According to the results of the Household Labour Force Survey, the rate of women in top and middle management positions in companies was 14.4% in 2012 and 19.6% in 2022. Full Time Equivalent (FTE), which is calculated by dividing the time spent on R&D activities by an individual or group in a given period (usually a calendar year) by the total hours worked in the same pe­ riod, takes a value between 0 and 1 and is used in international R&D personnel comparisons. According to the results of the Research and Development Activities Survey, the number of female R&D personnel in terms of FTE constituted 34.1% of the total number of R&D person­ nel in 2022 with 93 thousand 41 people. On the basis of sectors, the proportion of female R&D personnel in terms of FTE is 47.5% in higher education, 31% in government, including non-profit organisations, and 27.3% in financial and non-financial corporations. According to the Marriage Statistics, the average age of those who had their first official marriage in 2023 is 25.7 years for women and 28.3 years for men. According to the results of the Household Information Technologies Us­ age Survey, the Internet usage rate of individuals in the 16-74 age group was 87.1% in 2023. This rate is 83.3% for women and 90.9% for men. SDG 6 (Healthy Water and Sanitation): Türkiye has achieved con­ tinuous improvement in access to the mains water and sewage sys­ tem. The number of treatment plants and the amount of water treated has also increased. However, in order to mitigate the adverse impacts of rapid urbanisation, economic activities and climate change on wa­ ter resources, it is imperative to continue the work on integrated water resources management. 202 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 203 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE In line with the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goal of “clean wa­ ter and sanitation for all”, Türkiye is endeavouring to ensure that ev­ eryone has access to safe and accessible drinking water. According to the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the efficient use of water resources is of paramount importance in the Mediterranean Region, which is one of the regions experiencing negative impacts of climate change on water resources the most. Taking into account the importance of water usage within the frame­ work of the relationship between “water-food-energy,” hydroelectric energy, food security and sustainable development, Türkiye, both a lower and upper riparian country, while advocating for fair and effi­ cient use of transboundary water sources, sees the situation as a field of cooperation with its neighbours. Türkiye also continues to provide financial and technical assistance in the water sector to the Middle East, Asia and Africa as part of its humanitarian responsibilities. According to the data of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ), figures for sectoral water use in Türkiye for 2022 are as follows; 57 billion m3 in total, including 44 billion m3 (77%) for irriga­ tion and 13 billion m3 (23%) for drinking, using and industry. Based on TURKSTAT data, a total of 18.2 billion m3 of water was drawn from water resources by municipalities, villages, manufacturing industry workplaces, thermal power plants, Organised Industrial Zones (OIZ), and mining enterprises in 2020 and 19.2 billion m3 in 2022. In 2022, Amount of Water Drawn from Water Resources by Usage (billion m3/year) Years 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Municipalities 4,55 4,78 4,94 5,23 5,83 6,19 6,49 6,67 Villages 1,22 1,01 1,04 0,43 0,38 0,39 0,42 0,39 Manufacturing Industry Workplaces 1,31 1,56 1,79 2,20 2,12 2,68 2,60 2,80 Thermal Power Plants 4,54 4,27 6,40 6,53 8,61 7,87 8,28 8,88 Organised Industrial Zones 0,11 0,11 0,14 0,14 0,15 0,16 0,18 0,14 Mining Enterprises - 0,05 0,11 0,21 0,23 0,24 0,27 0,18 Irrigation 33,77 38,15 41,55 35,85 43,06 43,95 44,0 44,0 Total 49,95 55,96 50,59 60,38 61,48 62,24 63,06 204 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY a total of 43.2% of the water drawn was supplied from freshwater re­ sources, of which 56.8% was from the sea, 22.1% from groundwater, and 21.1% from surface water. 94% of the water provided from the sea was drawn for cooling purposes. The average annual areal precipitation in Türkiye is approximately 574 mm, which corresponds to an average of 450 billion m3 of water per year. Within the framework of today’s technical and economic con­ ditions, the surface water potential that can be consumed for various purposes is 94 billion m3 per year on average. Together with Türkiye’s groundwater potential, which is determined to be 18 billion m3, Tür­ kiye’s consumable surface and groundwater potential is 112 billion m3 per year on average, of which 57 billion m3 is used. The annual amount of water available per capita in Türkiye was 1652 m3 in 2000, 1,544 m3 in 2009, 1,323 m3 in 2021, and 1,322 m3 in 2022. Water Use by Sector, (2010-2022) The water exploitation index (WEI) is the average annual total amount of freshwater withdrawals divided by the average annual total renew­ able freshwater resources at the country level, expressed as a percentage. According to TURKSTAT 2022 statistics, the average daily per capita amount of water drawn by municipalities to the drinking and domes­ tic water network is 229 litres. The average amount of water drawn per capita per day in the three metropolitan cities is 190 litres for İstanbul, 242 litres for Ankara, and 210 litres for İzmir. The average daily per $!#! $!#$ $!#: $!#; $!#< $!$! $!$# $!$$ $"C< $&C$ $/4*:897>  77/-'9/54  205 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE capita amount of wastewater discharged by municipalities through the sewage network is calculated as 197 litres. The average amount of wastewater per capita per day in the three metropolitan cities is 256 litres for İstanbul, 211 litres for Ankara, and 181 litres for İzmir. In Türkiye in 2022, 43% of the water drawn for drinking and domestic water networks was from dams, 29.1% from wells, 16.5% from springs, 7.7% from streams and 3.7% from lakes, ponds and seas. In 2022, the ratio of municipal population served by drinking and do­ mestic water networks to total municipal population is 98.8%, and the ratio of municipal population served by drinking and domestic water treatment plants to total municipal population is 63%. While 3.24 billion m3 of water was drawn by municipalities for distri­ bution through drinking and domestic water networks in 1994, this figure increased to 4.56 billion m3 in 2022. 206 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Of the total 6.7 billion m3 of water drawn to drinking and domestic water networks, 4.1 billion m3 was treated in drinking and domestic water treatment plants. Conventional treatment was applied to 90.4%, advanced treatment to 9.6%, and physical treatment to 0.03% of the treated water. Distribution of Water Drawn for Municipal Drinking and Domestic Water Networks by Sources Population growth, urbanisation, industrialisation, economic growth and climate change create pressure on water resources. Within the scope of SDG 6, Türkiye has made progress in integrated water re­ sources management and efficient use of water resources by adopting basin-based water management. River Basin Management Plans un­ der preparation will also make a significant contribution to integrated water resources management. SDG 7 (Accessible and Clean Energy): Türkiye has eliminated re­ gional disparities in uninterrupted access to energy and strengthened resource diversification, ensuring security of supply to a large extent. As a result of the measures taken to increase the utilisation of renew­ able energy sources as well as to increase energy efficiency, Türkiye has made remarkable progress in access to energy. The main prereq­ uisites of this goal are as follows: facilitating grid connection proce­ dures of renewable energy plants, promoting the use of clean energy sources in fields such as heating and transportation, and carrying out programmes aimed at optimising energy consumption in industrial facilities and buildings. ! #!!! $!!! %!!! :!!! "!!! ;!!! =!!! #&&: #&&; #&&< $!!! $!!$ $!!: $!!; $!!< $!#! $!#$ $!#: $!#; $!#< $!$! $!$$ %+223/22/54 3?>+'7 /;+73/22/54 3?>+'7 '3 3/22/54 3?>+'7 !67/4- 3/22/54 3?>+'7 '1+8+' 3/22/54 3?>+'7 207 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE 208 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY According to the results of the Household Final Energy Consumption Survey; total final energy consumption of households in 2022 was 1 million 287 thousand 738 terajoules. According to the shares of energy sources consumed in households, natural gas with 48.3%, electricity with 17.1%, and coal with 14.3% rank high in final energy consumption. Final Energy Consumption of Energy Sources, 2022 When the total final energy consumption of households is analysed by purpose of use, consumption for space heating accounted for 65.3% of total consumption in 2022. After space heating, the use of lighting and electrical appliances ranked second with 14.1%, and water heating ranked third with 11.9%. Cooking consumption accounted for 7.7% of total consumption, while space cooling and other consumptions ac­ counted for 0.9%. (Terajoule) 700 000 600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 621.991 220.274 183.574 148.361 43.239 35.705 33.010 1.585 Natural gas Electricity Coal Solid biomass Solar Energy Geothermal energy LPG Other (1) Includes hard coal, lignite and asphaltite. (2) Includes wood, sawdust, charcoal, cottonseed, bark, pomace, dung, and other vegetable wastes. (3) Fuel oil, steam and ambient heat energy. 209 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Total Final Energy Consumption by Purpose of Use, 2022 According to the data of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, total energy consumption in Türkiye in 2021 was 159.43 Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent). Türkiye’s total energy consumption increased by 204% compared to 1990, 80% compared to 2005, and 8% compared to 2020. According to 2021 data, total energy consumption in EU-27 coun­ tries increased by 18% compared to the previous year. When the distribution of total energy consumption in Türkiye in 2021 is examined, it is seen that the highest consumption was in the industrial sector with 26.1% and in the housing and services sector with 23.9%. This is followed by cycle and electricity with 22.3%, transportation with 19.2%, non-energy with 4.8%, and agriculture and animal husbandry with 3.2%. Total Energy Consumption by Sector (Mtoe) Proportion of population other than young population %84,9 %30,3 %19,4 %29,4 %20,9 15-17 age group 18-19 age group 20-22 age group 23-24 age group ! "! #!! #"! $!! $"! %!! %"! :!! #&&! #&&# #&&$ #&&% #&&: #&&" #&&; #&&= #&&< #&&& $!!! $!!# $!!$ $!!% $!!: $!!" $!!; $!!= $!!< $!!& $!#! $!## $!#$ $!#% $!#: $!#" $!#; $!#= $!#< $!#& $!$! $!$# 4*:897> 9+6 -7/):29:7+ '4*/;+895)1 9+6 >)2+ '4*4+7-> !+)957 9+6 +8/*+49/'2'4*!+7;/)+8 9+6 "59'2 !:662> 5, 4+7-> 75*:)98 95+ "7'486579'9/54 9+6 54+4+7->548:369/54 9+6 210 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Total Energy Consumption by Sector (Thousand TOE) In Türkiye, there has been a rapid improvement in access to electricity, incentive mechanisms have been used to increase the share of renew­ able energy in energy generation, and the scope of legal regulations in the field of energy efficiency has been expanded. All-time record set for global solar system installations Among the 576 gigawatts of clean energy capacity growth last year, solar power broke the all-time record with 447 gigawatts. Hydroelectricity Biomass Other Share of solar energy in added renewable energy capacity 2023 Global renewable capacity growth gigawatts Global total installed solar power capacity (Gigawatts) Wind Sun Additional solar installations by year (Gigawatts) Source: SolarPower 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 52,465 62,968 79,428 88,672 105,888 129,139 136,229 145,305 143,666 144,210 10,228 12,442 17,834 18,347 26,048 29,672 31,655 33,522 34,517 33,560 13,641 15,986 22,876 26,410 26,077 32,157 33,254 35,329 36,277 34,300 8,723 11,077 12,007 13,849 16,314 24,936 26,812 28,425 28,452 27,690 15,356 17,514 19,557 22,285 27,762 32,329 33,222 36,013 33,074 35,610 1,956 2,556 3,073 3,359 3,736 3,932 4,056 4,273 4,381 4,710 2,543 3,087 3,455 4,089 5,314 5,652 6,989 7,372 6,296 7,080 Year Energy Source Transformation and Energy Sector ndustry Transportation esidential and Services Agriculture/Forestry and Fisheries Non-Energy onsumption Non-Energy Consumption Table 30 - TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPT ON BY SECTOR (Thousand TEP) 211 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Türkiye’s growing economy and rising population increase its energy demand. Reducing demand, particularly through improvements in energy efficiency, and using new and renewable energy sources in en­ ergy supply are deemed substantial developments. These developments are considered to have been achieved through de­ velopment plans, annual programmes, strategy documents and the Na­ tional Energy and Mining Policy in line with SDG targets. Increasing the share of renewable energy sources in Türkiye’s energy supply will facil­ itate the achievement of all SDG targets in terms of ensuring resource diversity, reducing external dependence and reducing emissions. SDG 8 (Decent Job and Economic Growth): As a result of the mac­ roeconomic and structural policies implemented, Türkiye has achieved significant enhancement in the 2000-2016 period in fields such as GDP growth rate, non-agricultural employment growth, access to finance, decent job and inclusive employment. At this stage, technological transformation, productivity growth, qualified employment and envi­ ronment-friendly growth have gained importance. In terms of employ­ The share of renewable energy in Türkiye’s energy resource diversity is increasing As the size of renewable energy investments in Türkiye exceeds 50 billion dollars, installed capacity varies by source and province. Türkiye ranks 11th in the world in renewable energy Distribution of renewable energy sources (Megawatt) electricity capacity Ratio of renewable energy to total installed capacity megawatt 110.339 (as of June 12, 2024) Türkiye's total installed Hydropower with dams River power plants Geothermal energy Solar Wind Biomass %57,2 0 5 10 15 20 25 B n 1.691 2.094 8.329 12.194 14.994 23.885 212 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY ment, progress is still needed on regional and sectoral distribution as well as women’s participation in employment. The main prerequisites of this goal are as follows:; increasing total factor productivity, improv­ ing the efficiency of SMEs, ensuring source efficiency in production and consumption, increasing women and youth employment. 213 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE According to the Household Labour Force Survey in 2023, the number of unemployed people aged 15 and over has reached 3 million and 264 thousand, declining by 318 thousand compared to the previous year. Thus, the total unemployment rate decreased by 1 point to 9.4%. The unemployment rate was estimated at 7.7% for men and 12.6% for wom­ en. The province with the highest unemployment rate was Hakkari, with 23.3%, while the lowest was Sinop, with 4.8%. The total number of employed people in Türkiye has reached 31 mil­ lion and 632 thousand in 2023 compared to the previous year, with an increase of 880 thousand employed people, while the employment rate rose by 0.8 per cent to 48.3%. This rate is reflected as 65.7% for men and 31.3% for women. The total labour force in Türkiye reached 34 million and 896 thousand people in 2023, with an increase of 562 thousand people, which is re­ flected in the rate of labour force participation as an increase of 0.2 per cent to 53.3%. The labour force participation ratio is 71.2% for men and 35.8% for women. ! #! $! %! :! "! ;! =! $!#: $!#" $!#; $!#= $!#< $!#& $!$! $!$# $!$$ $!$% 3625>3+49 '9+ %53+4  3625>3+49 '9++4 3625>3+49 '9+    "59'23625>3+49 '9+ ! $ : ; < #! #$ #: #; #< $!#: $!#" $!#; $!#= $!#< $!#& $!$! $!$# $!$$ $!$% #4+3625>3+49 '9+%53+4  #4+3625>3+49 '9++4 #4+3625>3+49 '9+    "59'2#4+3625>3+49 '9+ 214 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY The youth unemployment rate among people aged 15 to 24 decreased by 2 percentage points in 2023 compared to the previous year, reach­ ing 17.4%. In this age group, the unemployment rate was estimated at 14.3% for males and 23.2% for females. According to the results from the Address Based Population Registra­ tion System (ABPRS), Türkiye’s total population was 85,372,377 by the end of 2023, of which young people between ages 15 and 24 accounted for 12,872,039. The youth population accounted for 15.1% of the total population. Among the young population, 51.3% are male and 48.7% are female. According to United Nations data, the youth population aged 15-24 constituted 20.8% of the total population in 1950, but this rate decreased to 16.6% in 2013 and further to 15.1% in 2023. According to the population projections, the proportion of youth pop­ ulation in the total population is estimated to decline to 14% in 2030, 13.4% in 2040, 11.8% in 2060, and 11.1% in 2080. Proportion of young population in total population, 1935-2080 Main labour force indicators, 15+, 2022, 2023 2023 2022 Toplam Erkek Kadın Toplam Erkek Kadın Toplam Erkek Kadın i) 65,425 32,383 33,042 64,679 32,006 32,673 746 377 369 34,896 23,052 11,844 34,334 22,862 11,473 562 190 371 31,632 21,286 10,346 30,752 20,818 9,935 880 468 411 3,264 1,766 1,498 3,582 2,044 1,538 -318 -278 -40 30,528 9,330 21,198 30,345 9,144 21,200 183 186 -2 (%) 53,3 71,2 35,8 53,1 71,4 35,1 0,2 -0,2 0,7 48,3 65,7 31,3 47,6 65,5 30,4 0,8 0,2 0,9 9,4 7,7 12,6 10,4 9,9 13,4 -1,0 -1,2 -0,8 17,4 14,3 23,2 19,4 16,4 25,2 -2,0 -2,1 -2,0 to Previous Year Difference ompared Population (ith Age 15 or Older !$ !$ "!*  "!* !&  & !$ !$ !$ !$ $&"&!  "!* & &   "!* & &  Unemployment ate n the Young Population, Aged 15-24) (%) !'%  !" ! " #! #" $! $" #&$; #&$< #&%! #&%$ #&%: #&%; #&%< #&:! #&:$ #&:: #&:; #&:< #&"! #&"$ #&": #&"; #&"< #&;! #&;$ #&;: #&;; #&;< #&=! #&=$ #&=: #&=; #&=< #&3+49 '9+ %53+4  +/9.+7 /43625>3+49 457/4*:)'9/54 '9+ +4  #4+3625>3+49 "59'2 '9+ '(5:7 ,57)+6'79/)/6'9/54 '9+ Number and rates of employment by years In the 100th anniversary of the Republic, Türkiye reached a record high of 32 million 56 thousand people employed, while the 48.8 percent employment rate recorded in the last month of 2023 was the highest in the last 19 years. Number of employment Employment rate million Source: TÜİK 217 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE in 2023, while this rate for women was 32.3% in 2022 and 29.8% in 2023. According to the Household Labour Force Survey, the employment rate of the young population increased from 35.3% in 2022 to 37.7% in 2023. Young men’s employment rates were 46.9% in 2022 and 49.2% in 2023, while young women’s rates were 23.2% in 2022 and 25.4% in 2023. When analyzing the employment of young people by sector, it was found that in 2023, 13.6% were employed in the agricultural sector, 31.1% in the industrial sector, and 55.3% in the service sector. It is ob­ served that 12.5 % of employed young men were in agriculture, 36.7 % in industry, and 50.8 % in services; 15.8 % of employed young women were in agriculture, 19.6 % in industry, and 64.6 % in services. SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure): Reliable, sustainable, and resilient infrastructures are covered within this goal. Türkiye has set out policies to enhance road, rail, and mari­ time transportation and has progressed in these areas within the con­ text of this goal. Achieving balance and integration among different modes of transport has been a priority. Since the 2000’s, Türkiye has allocated a vast amount of resources for the enhancement of indus­ trial and transportation infrastructure, focussing on investments and large-scale projects of road transportation, airports, sea ports, and rail­ ways in particular. 218 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 219 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Since the 2000s, substantial enhancements have been made to the transportation networks, especially the land transportation networks, which have been expanded to cover the entirety of Türkiye. Freight and passenger transportation infrastructure spans the country’s en­ tire area and population. The road and air infrastructure for passenger transit is extensively developed, as is the road and sea infrastructure for freight transport. The share of R&D expenditures in GDP grew, while access to infor­ mation and communication technology rose substantially. The main prerequisites of this SDG are as follows: improving industrial produc­ tion technology, encouraging practices and research for digital trans­ formation in the industry, strengthening logistical infrastructure, and prioritising information and communication technology investments. 319 billion liras of public investment will be made in the transportation and communication sector this year According to the 2024 Investment Program, the highest share among the transportation and communication sector investments was allocated to railways wit liras SOME PROMINENT PROJECTS IN ALLOCATED INVESTMENTS National electric train set 2 Billion TL Vezirhan - Keseköy High Speed Train Line Project 1.9 Billion TL İstanbul Banıdırma Bursa Yen şeh r Osmanel Vezirhan Ankara Yerköy Kayser Mersin Adana Osmaniye Gaziantep YOZGAT Afyonkarah sar Uşak Manisa İzm r Keseköy Bandırma-Bursa*Yenişehir - Osmanel High Speed Train Project infrastructure 13 Billion TL Ankara-Polatlı- Afyonkarahisar-Uşak-Man sa-İzm r High Speed Train Project infrastructure 21.4 Billion TL Mers n-Adana-Osmaniye- Gaziantep High Speed Train Line Project 129 Billion TL Special funds for traffic safety Kaynak: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Stratej˴ ve Bütçe Başkanlığı 16.01.2024 Railroad Land Route 150.3 125.3 16,9 12,6 4,4 Breakdown of investments BILLION TL 900 Million TL FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF ACCIDENT BLACK SPOTS 1 Billion TL FOR THE INSTALLATION AND SIGNALING OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Yerköy-Kayser High Speed Train Line Project 11.1Billion TL Ankara-İstanbul High Speed Train Line Project 4.3 Billion TL Air Route Sea Road Transportation for the city 220 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Deck width 35.93 m İSTANBUL , d a o r n i a t n u o M z a g lI e h t n o n o it a tr o p s n a r T , s e t u n i m 5 3 n i d e s s o r c s a w h c i h w s e t u n i m 8 o t d e s a e r c e d y m o n o c e e h t o t n o it u b irt n o c s'l e n n u t e h T s a ril d n a s u o h t 0 0 2 n o illi m 8 3 s i ÇANKIRI GEBZE ASIA ASIA g n i n e p o e l d d i M 4.5G fl u G ti m zI , e g d ir b e h t o t s k n a h T s e t u n i m 4 n i d e s s o r c e b n a c EUROPE EUROPE KASTAMONU EURASIA TUNNEL December 20 EURASIA TUNNEL April 1 OSMANGAZI BRIDGE e r o m e r u t p a c o t d e t c e p x e s i tI than 60,000 images per year L E N N U T Z A G L I s r e t e m 0 5 5 1 2 2 3 t h g i e h r e w o T m İSTANBUL n e e w t e b e c n a t s i d e h t d e c u d e R the two sides of İstanbul to 15 minutes CANKIRI t h g i e h r e w o T m 2 5 2 The world's longest m e t s y s li a r a h ti w e g d ir b n o i s n e p s u s Width m 9 5 MARMARA SEA 6 2 t s u g u A YAVUZ SULTAN SELİM BRIDGE t s e d i w s' d lr o w e h T suspension bridge f o h t d i w a h ti w 59 meters ORHANGAZI BALIKESİR YAVUZ SULTAN SELİM BRIDGE KASTAMONU o t s e t u n i m 0 9 t u o b a s e k a t tI d lr o w e h t d n u o r a p irt a e t e l p m o c m 2 8 6 2 h t g n e l l a t o T 4.5G s e m it 0 1 s i h c i h w , y g o l o n h c e t G 5 . 4 e b o t n u g e b s a h , G 3 n a h t r e t s a f n o it a c i n u m m o c e li b o m n i d e s u 0 3 e n u J OSMANGAZİ BRIDGE commissioned within the scope of the Gebze-İzmir Motorway Project, which reduces the transportation between Istanbul and Izmir to 3.5 hours m 4 6 1 2 h t g n e l l a t o T N I A T N U O M Z A G L I Central Anatolia was connected to the Western Black Sea 0 7 3 , 5 e n o , s e b u t o w t f o s t s i s n o c tI r e h t o e h t d n a g n o l s r e t e m 5,391 meters long. n i a t n u o M z a g lI r e t e m o li k - 8 . 6 1 e h T s r e t e m o li k 4 . 1 1 o t d e c u d e r n e e b s a h d a o r s e n a l 0 1 f o l a t o t a e r a e r e h T , 8 s e n a l y a w li a r 2 , s y a w h g i h BLACK SEA İSTANBUL s r e t e m 6 0 1 tli u B a e s e h t r e d n u h t g n e l l a t o T is 14.6 kilometers 3.4 kilometers of the tunnel is under the sea BLACK SEA İZMİR MANİSA December 5 GÖKTÜRK-1 SATELLITE T e h t t e e m lli w tI AF e till e t a s s' imaging e c n e g ill e t n i t e g r a t r o f s d e e n December 26 L E N N U T Z A G L I f o s ti x e d n a s e c n a rt n e e h T d e n g i s e d e r e w l e n n u t e h t " h t u o m s'k r a h s " a f o e p a h s e h t n i 2016 WAS THE YEAR OF GIANT PROJECTS 221 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Production of Select Industrial Products, 2019-2023 In 2023, entrepreneurs’ sales of their produced goods totalled 13 trillion, 325 billion, and 110 million TL. In 2022, this figure was 8 trillion 937 bil­ lion 773 million TL, and 4 trillion 214 billion 521 million TL in 2021. Top Four Industrial Sectors with the Highest Share of Sales Value, 2019-2023 #%C< #%C= ##C$ #!C= &C< &C" 675*:)98 "+=9/2+4*:897> 75*:)98 55* /4*:897> 675*:)98 '4:,')9:7+ 5, 2'4* ;+./)2+897'/2+78'4* 8+3/97'/2+78  222 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Top Ten Industrial Sectors with the Highest Share of Sales Value [NACE Rev.2], 2019-2023 High-tech products accounted for 3.4% of total sales value in the man­ ufacturing industry in 2023. The total share of low and medium-low technology segments was 68.5%. The share for the medium-high tech­ nology segment was 28.1%. Proportional Distribution of Sales Value of Products by Technol­ ogy Level, 2019-2023 % 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 10 13,8 14,1 12,4 12,6 13,7 24 11,2 11,3 14,1 12,7 10,7 29 9,8 9,4 8,2 8 9,5 13 8,2 8,2 8,3 7,4 6,3 25 5,5 6,1 6,4 5,9 6,2 20 5,8 6,2 6,6 6,7 6,1 23 3,9 4,3 4 4,8 5,2 28 4,3 4,7 4,7 4,6 5,1 22 4,6 5 4,9 4,7 5,1 22 5,3 5,5 5,3 5,1 5 Food industry products Basic metal industry products Manufacture of land vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Te)tile industry products Fabrikasyon metal ürünleri imalatı (except machinery and equipment) Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of machinery and e#uipment that are not else(here classified Electrical e#uipment manufacturing Manufacture of rubber and plastic products m &  &o low tech medium-low tech medium-high tech high techn 223 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE In 2023, when manufacturing industry products were categorised by key industrial sectors, it was found that 45.2% of the total sales value comprised intermediate goods, while 22.1% was made up of non-dura­ ble consumer goods. The share of the energy sector was 6.8%. Proportional Distribution of Key Industry Sectors by Sales Value, 2019-2023 ::C= :C< $:C; ;C: #&C" :"C$ "C! $$C# ;C< $!C& ! " #! #" $! $" %! %" :! :" "! $!#& $!$! $!$# $!$$ $!$% '6/9'2 55*8 4+7->  55*8 54:7'(2+548:3+7 55*8 :7'(2+ 548:3+7 49+73+*/'9+ 55*8 Access to space enabled by critical technological investments in industry While industry was one of the most important sectors where development steps were taken after the proclamation of the Republic, space technology has made significant progress, especially in recent years. BAYRAKTAR MİUS 2022 254 BILLION DOLLARS TB-2 BAYRAKTAR AKINCI BAYRAKTAR KIZILELMA TCG ANADOLU ATAK - 2 DEFENSE AND AVIATION EXPORTS HÜRJET KAAN HÜRKUŞ ANKA Domestic and national observation satellite commissioned in April 2023 1927 National investments were supported with the Law on Incentive for Industry 1962 The first OIZ was established in Bursa 1985 Defense Industry Development and Support Administration (SaGeB) was established 2023 Number of OIZs increased to 389 100th YEAR OF THE REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE İMECE NATIONAL SPACE PROGRAM Türkiye to launch first Turkish space traveler in 2024, preparing to send it into space 2002 248 MILLION DOLLARS 2022 4.5 BILLION DOLLARS RECORD INDUSTRIAL EXPORTS BREAKTHROUGHS IN THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY MOVE In the last 20 years, the vision of “National Technology Move” has been put forward DOMESTIC AND NATIONAL AUTOMOBILE Togg 224 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY SDG 10 (Reducing inequality): Türkiye has made substantial prog­ ress in the improvement of income distribution and the reduction of absolute and relative poverty as a consequence of the implementation of social and economic policies. The main prerequisites of this SDG are as follows: reducing regional, sectoral, and vulnerable groups’ in­ equalities, improving income distribution, and ensuring equality of opportunity. Türkiye on the radar of world giants in international investments Direct investment inflows to Türkiye totaled 266.9 billion dollars between June 2003 and June 2024. Türkiye’s share in global direct investments rose to 0.9% in the 2003-2023 period. Türkiye’s share of global direct investments Source: Ministry of Treasury and Finance 225 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE 226 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY In Türkiye, numerous legal and institutional legislations have been en­ acted to eliminate inequalities. These legislations were enacted in the areas of social insurance, social aid, education, health, and the elimina­ tion of regional disparities. The legislations above include the following: Law No. 6701 on the Human Rights and Equality Institution of Türki­ ye, Law No. 5084 on Encouragement of Investments and Employment and Amendment of Certain Laws, Law No. 5502 on Certain Regulations for the Social Security Institution, Law No. 5449 regarding Duties of De­ velopment Agencies, Law No. 5510 on Social Insurance and Universal Health Insurance, Decree No. 2009/15199 regarding State Aids in Invest­ ments, and Decree-Law No. 642 on the Organisation and Duties of the Regional Development Administrations of the Eastern Anatolia Project, Eastern Black Sea Project, and Konya Plain Project, which allowed for the establishment of regional development agencies. EXISTING SOCIAL BENEFITS 6 MAIN TITLES FAMILY 49 ITEMS DISABLED ELDERLY Food and shelter assistance Soup kitchens Natural gas consumption support Electricity consumption support Old age pension Disability pension Chronic disease assistance Conditional education aid Kindergarten aid 09.09.2022 SHELTER FOOD PROJECT SUPPORT HEALTH EDUCATION 227 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities): Türkiye has made substantial progress for sustainable urbanisation in terms of strength­ ening infrastructure, implementing urban transport and public trans­ port, waste management, solving the slum issue, and increasing the resilience of cities. Access to housing has improved significantly due to changes in the property market and rising availability of homes. 228 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Disaster management in Türkiye is conducted in a comprehensive framework with an integrated structure and various strategy docu­ ments. The main prerequisites of this SDG are as follows: increasing access to housing for individuals with low income, integrating climate change into the disaster management process, and ensuring infra­ structure development for smart cities. 3 million 300 thousand houses were made earthquake resistant URBAN TRANSFORMATION ACTIVITIES IN 2022 İ Z M İ R Work continues on the construction of 8,500 houses PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION 250 000 social housing THROUGH URBAN TRANSFORMATION URBAN TRANSFORMATION ACTIVITIES IN 3 METROPOLITAN CITIES İ S T A N B U L IN 279 "RISKY AREAS" and designated reserve building areas, the construction of 952 000 independent units continues Renewal of 900 thousand independent units in risky buildings is underway The transformation of 695 thousand independent units has been completed Renewal of 1.5 million houses underway The transformation process of 93 thousand independent units continues The Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change has transformed 3 million 300 thousand houses across the country within the scope of urban transformation practices in the last 20 years. 1 MILLION residential lots Work continues on the construction of 11,600 houses "MY FIRST HOME, MY FIRST WORKPLACE" 19 000 risky buildings demolished 164 000 independent units renewed 250 000 houses are being renewed on the ground. WITH 37 THOUSAND SOCIAL FACILITIES 1 MILLION 180 THOUSAND social housing units were built ANKARA 229 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE With the support of Half is on Us in Urban Transformation, which will ensure a major transformation in Istanbul, requests are collected without time limitations and arrangements are made in line with the demands of citizens. Accordingly, in all 39 districts where risk analy­ ses have been completed, beneficiaries of all risky buildings eligible for transformation can receive assistance. 3,2 million houses renovated through urban transformation in Türkiye NUMBER OF RENEWED HOUSES 3,2 MILLION 6,6 MILLION 93,000 NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSING 24 MILLION NUMBER OF RENEWED HOUSES 695,000 NUMBER OF HOUSES UNDER TRANSFORMATION IN 81 PROVINCES IN 922 DISTRICTS NUMBER OF HOUSES AND WORKPLACES INSPECTED 250,000 HOUSES ARE BEING REBUILT TÜRKİYE AIMS TO HAVE NO HOUSING UNITS NOT UNDERGOING URBAN TRANSFORMATION BY 2035 URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF 39 THOUSAND HOUSED IN ANKARA URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF 788 THOUSAND HOUSES IN ISTANBUL 230 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY One of the most important issues in sustainable cities is waste manage­ ment. In 2022, it has been recorded that waste services are provided in 1389 of 1391 municipalities in total. Of the 30.3 million tonnes of waste collected by municipalities through waste services, 85.9% was direct­ ed to waste treatment facilities, 13.5% was sent to municipal dumps, and 0.6% was disposed of through open burning, burial, or dumping in streams or landfills. The average amount of waste per capita per day collected in municipalities was calculated as 1.03 kg. Additionally, 348 thousand tonnes of waste water treatment sludge (measured in dry matter) were produced by waste water treatment plants operated by municipalities. Waste water treatment is an important practice for the more efficient use of water and protection of existing resources. The ratio of the total municipal population to the municipal population served by waste­ water treatment plants was 77.7% in 2022. Number of Municipalities and Rate of Population Served by Wastewater Treatment Plants (%) !"#$% !&'#"% !()#*% !"#*% !&+#,% !(,#-% ent to aste Processing Plants (%) ent to uniipal Dump (%) ter disposal methods (burning in open areas, burying, dumping in streams and land) (%) Municipal Waste Management, 2020 Municipal Waste Management, 2022 Proportional Distribution of Main Industry Groups by Sales Value, 2019-2023 !C!!a #!C!!a $!C!!a %!C!!a :!C!!a "!C!!a ;!C!!a =!C!!a %'89+<'9+7 "7+'93+49 2'49895"59'2 :3(+7 5, :4/)/6'2/9/+8  '9/5 5, :4/)/6'2/9>56:2'9/54 544+)9+* 95"7+'93+49 2'49 95"59'2:4/)/6'2/9>56:2'9/54  231 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE The number of wastewater treatment facilities has increased from 145 in 2002 to 1315 in 2022. Based on the distribution of these facilities, 20% of wastewater treatment plants in Türkiye are advanced, 51% are biological, 5% are physical, and 24% are natural. The Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change is­ sues Energy Incentive Reimbursement Certificates to the facilities whose applications are approved in accordance with the “Regulation on the Procedures and Principles regarding the Beneficiaries from In­ centive Measures for Wastewater Treatment Plants” in order to cover 50% of the energy costs of wastewater treatment plants. The Minis­ try of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change paid approxi­ mately 231.4 million TL in incentives to 795 facilities in 2022 to ensure the efficient operation of wastewater treatment plants and to improve the quality of the water in the receiving environment. The Department of Sink Areas is another project within the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation, and Climate Change that is designed to enhance the availability of safe, inclusive, and accessible green and pub­ lic spaces by 2030, in accordance with Goal 11.7 and Goal 11.A. Sink area creation projects play a critical role in the fight against climate change by using nature-based solutions. These projects are planned and imple­ mented in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 12 (Responsible Production and Consumption): Türkiye has implemented numerous policies, legislation, institutional regulations, and practices to achieve responsible production and consumption, demonstrating significant national capacity for each goal when as­ sessed individually. Nevertheless, a more comprehensive approach to sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources, chem­ ical management, clean production/eco-efficiency practices, and R&D activities is much needed. 232 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 233 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE The state supports responsible production and consumption. The to­ tal insured value of state-supported agricultural insurance increased by 115.5% to 638,338,316,701 TL in 2023. The highest annual increase per insurance line is in aquaculture with 283.8%. The total number of policies of state supported agricultural insurance increased by 0.3% year-on-year to 3,086,697. Number of Policy and Insured Value of State Supported Agricul­ tural Insurance, 2022, 2023 3.077.908 3.086.697 115,5 296.149.927.061 638.338.316.701 2.654.588 2.525.426 55,2 143.567.570.805 222.858.987.850 38.519 38.083 55,8 42.712.205.781 66.541.523.981 278.199 414.802 270,3 76.289.122.211 282.400.397.453 91.148 91.551 81,4 24.224.827.254 44.052.786.465 3.113 5.289 161,7 5.270.729.591 13.796.059.141 178 216 257,6 870.136.937 3.111.060.412 12.163 11.330 70,5 3.218.186.900 5.487.611.400 2023 Insurance Cost (TL) 2022 Insurance Cost (TL) Cange in Percentage (%) 2023 Policy Number (Total) 2022 Policy Number (Total) Bran a Total Plant Product reenouse Cattle Small Cattle Poultry A#uaculture Beekeeping (Hives (it bees) 234 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Total Number of Policies and Insured Value of State Supported Agricultural Insurance, 2017-2023 Support provided for organic and good agricultural practices reached 2.1 billion liras The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has so far made 2.1 billion lira support payments within the scope of organic and good agricultural practices 46,6 million TL 47,9 million TL 2023 2023 Launched in 12 provinces in 2012 Continues in 56 provinces in 2023 The area of good agricultural practices increased to 207 thousand hectares and production to 5.3 million tons PROMOTION AND SUPERVISION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PROJECT PROMOTION AND SUPERVISION OF GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES PROJECT SUPPORT PAYMENTS MADE SUPPORT PAYMENTS MADE Launched in 2005 85 sub-projects are being implemented in 61 provincial directorates of agriculture and forestry in 2023 In 2022, 1.6 million tons of organic production was realized in 268 crop varieties on 310 thousand hectares Since 2005 Since 2008 1 billion TL 1.1 billion TL 3,077,908 3,086,697 0.3 296,149,927,061 638,338,316,701 115.5 2,654,588 2,525,426 -4.9 143,567,570,805 222,858,987,850 55.2 38,519 38,083 -1.1 42,712,205,781 66,541,523,981 55.8 278,199 414,802 49.1 76,289,122,211 282,400,397,453 270.3 91,148 91,551 0.4 24,224,827,254 44,052,786,465 81.4 3,113 5,289 69.9 5,270,729,591 13,796,059,141 161.7 178 216 21.3 870,136,937 3,111,060,412 257.6 12,163 11,330 -6.8 3,218,186,900 5,487,611,400 70.5 Change in Percentage (%) ost (TL) 2023 nsurance ost (TL) 2022 nsurance hange in Percantage (%) 2023 Policy Number (Total) 2022 Policy Number (Total) Branch Name Total Plant Product Greenhouse attle Small attle Poultry A#uaculture Beekeeping (Hives (ith bees) 235 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE The total state support premium amount rose by 91.7% to 9,244,510,895 TL, while the total premium amount increased by 92.6% to 17,349,600,284 TL. The insured area (greenhouse included) decreased by 4.4% to 33,372,370 decares in 2023. The number of insured Cattle, sheep and goat also increased by 42.9% and 0.2% respectively. When analysing the total amount of loss paid by insurance lines, crop insurance comes up first with a loss paid value of 5,076,169,657 TL, fol­ lowed by cattle insurance with a loss paid value of 1,505,720,636 TL. Among the total loss paid per reason, the highest amount is attributed to frost, with a total paid loss value of 2,378,149,573 TL. Claims paid by select causes of loss, 2022, 2023 :$ #%& #$$ $%# &< &% $=" "%$ <#$ ""= #$! %"! $#% %<; $:; %=% :&" &"! #=&= $%=< ! "!! #!!! #"!! $!!! $"!!  /22/54 "  /22/54 " '/2 7589 +'9. '4*'957> !2':-.9+7 !9573 %/2* 5'7 255* 75:-.9 /8)'77/'-+ '2, +'9. 236 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY SDG 13 (Climate Action): Türkiye has made substantial progress in terms of policies, legislation, institutional framework, and an inven­ tory of projects regarding climate action. A certain level of maturity has also been attained in the incorporation of climate change-related actions into national policies, strategies, and plans. The main prereq­ uisites of this SDG are as follows: monitoring indicators in different and critical areas, including local/sectoral adaptation and climate risk plans in addition to standard indicators; promoting the efficient use of water in agriculture; protecting agricultural lands; developing new strategies on issues such as pasture/meadow rehabilitation, combat­ ing erosion, early detection of risks, and selection of drought-resistant species for crop and livestock production. 237 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE According to the results of the greenhouse gas inventory, total green­ house gas emissions in 2022 were calculated as 558.3 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 equivalent (equi.), a decrease of 2.4% compared to the pre­ vious year. Total greenhouse gas emissions per capita were 4.1 tonnes CO2 equivalent in 1990, 6.8 tonnes CO2 equivalent in 2021, and 6.6 tonnes CO2 equivalent in 2022. Total and Per Capita Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1990-2022 #&&! #&&# #&&$ #&&% #&&: #&&" #&&; #&&= #&&< #&&& $!!! $!!# $!!$ $!!% $!!: $!!" $!!; $!!= $!!< $!!& $!#! $!## $!#$ $!#% $!#: $!#" 7?+W>$+0XY $$< $$< $:! $"$ $=: $=" $&= %#= %%= %"& %<: %$+0XYZL0-HK1 :C# :C# :C% :C" :C= :C= :C& "C$ "C: "C= ; "C& ;C$ ;C: ;C% ;C# ;C: ;C% ;C" ;C" ;C< ;C< ;C= ;C; ;C< ;C; ! #!! $!! %!! :!! "!! ;!! =!! ! # $ % : " ; = < 7?+W>$+0XY OK1+W>$+0XYZL0-HK1 238 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY The largest share of total greenhouse gas emissions in terms of CO2 equivalent in 2022 was energy-related emissions at 71.8%, followed by agriculture at 12.8%, industrial processes and product use at 12.5%, and the waste sector at 2.9%. Energy sector emissions are estimated at 400.6 Mt CO2 equivalent in 2022, an increase of 179.8% compared to 1990 but a decrease of 1.4% compared to the previous year. Emissions from industrial processes and product use increased by 208.1% compared to 1990 but decreased by 6.4% compared to the previous year to 69.9 Mt CO2 equivalent. Agriculture sector emissions in 2022 are calculated as 71.5 Mt CO2 equivalent, increasing by 37.9% compared to 1990 but decreasing by 5.1% compared to the previous year. Waste sector emissions are calcu­ lated as 16.3 Mt CO2 equivalent, increasing by 57.7% compared to 1990 and 5.5% compared to the previous year. Türkiye to step up efforts to tackle climate change in 2023 Having ratified the Paris climate agreement and focusing on harmonization efforts with the European Union (EU) Green Deal, Türkiye plans to implement numerous projects in various fields ranging from transportation to industry, agriculture to trade as of 2023 Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure Ministry of Industry and Technology Noise map is being prepared Creating a noise map for segments exceeding 3 million annual peer traffic Ministry supports production with climate-friendly projects Credit facilities are being improved Green OIZ Certification System will be implemented Electricity production and consumption will be monitored instantly Carbon and greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced 1,572 fast chargers to be installed in 81 cities in the first quarter of 2023 Rain harvest Reduced tillage Direct sowing method Wind screen Fighting agricultural drought Emissions reduced by 4.7 million to Thanks to new roads, the annual amount of exhaust emissions emitted has decreased due to shorter travel times Green transformation of railways By 2025, 35% of the energy consumed by electric rail vehicles is planned to be covered by renewable energy sources Ministry of Trade “Climate diplomacy” with the EU Work on financing mechanisms Ministry of Agriculture and Forest 239 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 1990-2022 In 2022, 86.6% of total CO2 emissions came from the energy sector, including 32.6% from electricity and heat generation, 13.1% from indus­ trial processes and product use, and 0.3% from agriculture and waste. 60.5% of CH4 emissions were from agriculture, 19.9% from energy, 19.6% from waste, and 0.02% from industrial processes and product use. 77.9% of N2O emissions were from agriculture, 11.2% from energy, 6.2% from waste, and 4.6% from industrial processes and product use. ton CO2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2021 2022 1990- 2022 (%) 2021- 2022 (%) 228.0 256.5 306.4 344.8 405.3 480.1 530.2 572.0 558.3 144.9 -2.4 CO! 154.1 184.1 232.4 267.0 317.6 386.3 414.4 455.2 441.4 186.4 -3.0 CH" 51.3 50.8 51.5 53.3 60.1 60.3 73.5 73.9 72.2 40.8 -2.4 N!O 22.2 21.2 22.0 23.1 24.4 23.6 24.5 25.0 24.3 54.6 -2.8 F-gases 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.4 3.2 4.6 6.8 10.4 9.4 2349.0 50.6 Cange (Million e#uivalent) Cange Total Emission Figures in the table may not add up to the total due to rounding. F-gases are phosporous gases. ton CO2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2021 2022 1990- 2022 (%) 2021- 2022 (%) 228 256,5 306,4 344,8 405,3 480,1 530,2 572 558,3 144,9 -2,4 143,1 170 219,8 247,7 290,9 344 369,5 406,5 400,6 179,8 -1,4 22,7 25,4 26,1 30,4 48,6 59,2 67,2 74,7 69,9 208,1 -6,4 51,8 49 46 46,3 47,7 59,2 75,4 71,5 71,5 37,9 5,1 10,3 12,1 14,5 16,9 18,1 17,7 17 15,4 16,3 57,7 5,5 (Million e#uivalent) Cange Cange Total Emission Energy ndustrial process and product usage Agriculture aste Figures in the table may not add up to the total due to rounding. 12,8 % 12,5 % 79.1 % 2.9 % 1.9 % 12,9 % 6.1 % 79.1 % Sektörlere göre sera gazı emisyon oranları, 2022 Gazlara göre sera gazı emisyon oranları, 2022 Enerji Tarım Atık CO2 CH4 N20 F-gazlar greenhouse gas emission rates by sector, 2022 greenhouse gas emissions by gases, 2022 Energy Waste gases Agriculture industrial processes and product utilization 240 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Biodiesel production hits record high in Türkiye Production growth in bio-diesel fuels derived from waste oils and oilseeds approaches record levels TÜRKİYE'S BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (TONS) ijl&&& o  o N N 7,463 11,649  o N 17,732 l.()  o N c.o  o N r--  o N CX)  o N O)  o N 1 ---- - - --- - - 21,379 32,877 * Expected forecast production (), DIESEL FUEL 60,945 64,103 74,000 108,609 130,000* An el 241 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gases, 1990-2022 SDG 14 (Life Below Water): Türkiye has made significant progress in reducing marine pollution and improving marine and coastal eco­ systems through policies and projects. There is still room for improve­ ment in the sustainable use and management of water resources. The main prerequisites of this goal are as follows: increasing the effective­ ness of the management of marine and coastal protected areas; con­ serving and developing fish stocks; developing offshore fisheries in remote seas; and promoting good agricultural practices. The biggest share of agricultural investments this year is allocated to irrigation projects While 101 billion 8 million liras was allocated for 370 projects to be implemented in the agriculture sector this year, the largest share was allocated to irrigation investments Total Allowance Allowance (Billion TL) 370 projects Irrigation projects Flood protection Forestry Plant production Livestock farming Aquaculture 85,2 Billion TL Ongoing projects 14,8 Billion TL 1 Billion TL New Projects Study projects 101 BILLION TL 242 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY 243 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TÜRKİYE Türkiye has a total of 24 million hectares of marine area and 1.5 million hectares of inland water area. According to TURKSTAT data, aquacul­ ture production was 849,808 tonnes in 2022, with an increase of 6.2% compared to 2021. Sea fish obtained by hunting accounted for 30% of the production; other sea products obtained by hunting accounted for 5.6%; inland water products obtained by hunting accounted for 3.9%; and aquaculture products accounted for 60.6%. In 2022, compared to the previous year, capture fisheries in sea and in­ land waters increased by 2.7%, and aquaculture production increased by 9.1%. Hunting production was 335,003 tonnes and aquaculture production was 514,805 tonnes. Inland waters accounted for 28.4% of aquaculture production, while seas accounted for 71.6%. Aquaculture production increased by 18.6% in 2023 compared to the previous year and reached 1 million 7 thousand 921 tonnes. Sea fish obtained by hunting accounted for 38.4% of the production; other sea products obtained by hunting accounted for 3.3%; inland water prod­ ucts obtained by hunting accounted for 3.3%; and aquaculture prod­ ucts accounted for 55%. In 2022, the Western Black Sea Region ranked first in seafood produc­ tion with 39.2%. It was followed by the Eastern Black Sea region with 34.2%, the Aegean region with 14.2%, the Marmara region with 8%, and the Mediterranean region with 4.3%. Regulations are enacted regarding the location, period, length, species, distance, depth, and fishing gear and equipment in order to ensure the protection and sustainable operation of aquaculture resources. In addi­ tion, numerous efforts are made to monitor fish populations and safe­ guard endangered species, strengthen stocks through restocking, mon­ itor water resources for pollution, and implement preventive measures. Aquaculture Production Data by Years (2002-2022) ! #!! $!! %!! :!! "!! ;!! $!!$ $!!% $!!: $!!" $!!; $!!= $!!< $!!& $!#! $!## $!#$ $!#% $!#: $!#" $!#; $!#= $!#< $!#& $!$! $!$# $!$$ :29/;'9/54 675*:)98 !+' ,/8. '4*59.+7 8+',55*,/8.+7/+8 42'4* ,/8.+7/+8 244 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Aquaculture Production, 2014-2023 (Thousand tonnes) In 2023, 399 thousand 529 tonnes (72.1%) of aquaculture production was realised in seas and 154 thousand 333 tonnes (27.9%) in inland waters. Türkiye, like the rest of the globe, produces modest amounts of aqua­ culture products through hunting. Because of this, scientists’ funda­ mental strategy for hunting is to maintain production by safeguarding stocks. The fishing fleet has grown and developed in terms of pow­ er, number, technology, and fishing gear until the 2000s. According to TURKSTAT data, while the number of active fishing vessels in our seas was 13,381 in 2000, this number increased to 18,396 in 2005 and decreased to 14,064 in 2022. ! $!! :!! ;!! '4*2'4*8)'6+ 6759+)9/54 759+)9/54'4*/3675;+3+49 5, 250 TÜRKİYE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MOBILIZATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Sink Areas and Carbon Sequestration in Türkiye (1990-2021) (CO2 equivalent Mt/year) SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions): Türkiye has made significant progress in terms of policy, legislation, and institu­ tional framework in combating violence and crime in the 2000s with the impact of the EU harmonisation process. Significant progress has also been made in the effectiveness of public services, particularly in implementation. The main prerequisites of this goal are as follows: eliminating problems in implementation, accelerating processes in ac­ cess to justice, focussing more on crime prevention, solving problems related to financial crimes through further mechanisms and coordina­ tion, and generating sub-division data in SDG 16 indicators. When Türkiye’s justice statistics are analysed; in Judicial Justice, » the number of files received by the Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office of the Court of Cassation in 2023 decreased by 73.5%, in the Gen­ eral Assembly of Criminal Chambers and Criminal Chambers by 41.9%, and in the General Assembly of Civil Chambers and Civil Chambers by 75.5% compared to 2015. Compared to the previous year, the number of files received by the Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office of the Court of Cassation decreased by 22.7%, the number of files received by the General Assembly of Criminal Chambers and Criminal Chambers decreased by 1.2%, and the number of files received by the General Assembly of Civil Chambers and Civil Chambers decreased by 15.2%. » The number of files received by the regional courts of justice in 2023 increased by 231.3% compared to 2017 and by 3.7% compared to the previous year. ! $! :! ;!